Vpr protein: Difference between revisions
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== Function == | == Function == | ||
'''Vpr protein''' (Vpr) or '''viral protein R''' is a 96 amino acid protein which encoded by the human Immunodeficiency virus type 1 ([[HIV-1]]). HIV-1 genome includes nine genes, six of them are accessory proteins, including ''vpr''. Vpr has several roles in the progression of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS AIDS]) disease, including regulation the HIV-1 pre-integration complex ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-integration_complex PIC]) nuclear import and virus replication in non-dividing macrophages<ref name='Morellet2003'>PMID:12614620</ref>. Moreover, Vpr prevents mitosis of dividing infect cells by blockade at G2 phase, when the viral promoter is more active, and induced apoptosis of these cells in G1 and M phase. Both the activities of cell cycle arrest and induce apoptosis has proven to be independence by mutations that can cause only one of these affects<ref name='Gonzalez2017'>PMID:28075409</ref>. | '''Vpr protein''' (Vpr) or '''viral protein R''' is a 96 amino acid protein which encoded by the human Immunodeficiency virus type 1 ([[HIV-1]]). HIV-1 genome includes nine genes, six of them are accessory proteins, including ''vpr''. Vpr has several roles in the progression of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS AIDS]) disease, including regulation the HIV-1 pre-integration complex ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-integration_complex PIC]) nuclear import and virus replication in non-dividing macrophages<ref name='Morellet2003'>PMID:12614620</ref>. Moreover, Vpr prevents mitosis of dividing infect cells by blockade at G2 phase, when the viral promoter is more active, and induced apoptosis of these cells in G1 and M phase. Both the activities of cell cycle arrest and induce apoptosis has proven to be independence by mutations that can cause only one of these affects<ref name='Gonzalez2017'>PMID:28075409</ref>. | ||
=== Vpr induce cell cycle arrest by recruits cellular targets for degradation<ref>PMID:27571178</ref> === | |||
One phenotype of Vpr expression is the induction of cell cycle arrest in G2 phase. This arrest executes by engaging of DNA damage–binding protein 1 (DDB1) and CUL4A-associated factor 1 (DCAF1) to Vpr. DCAF1 is a substrate receptor of the Cullin4–RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL4) of the host ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated protein degradation pathway. Mutations in Vpr that abolish its interaction with DCAF1, or silencing of DCAF1, eliminate cell-cycle arrest. | |||
== Disease == | == Disease == | ||
