Sandbox Reserved 1099: Difference between revisions
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== Antimicrobial activity == | == Antimicrobial activity == | ||
Dermcidin is present in the sweat around 1-10 µg/ml and acts like a regulator of the skin flora in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system_ innate immune response] by inhibiting a large range of bacteria (Gram positive: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_ ''Staphylococcus aureus''], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus_faecalis_ ''Enterococcus faecalis'']; Gram negative: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli_ ''Escherichia coli'']) and even fungus ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans_ ''Candida albicans'']).<ref name="de"> Paulmann, M., Arnold, T., Linke, D., Özdirekcan, S., Kopp, A., Gutsmann, T., Kalbacher, H., Wanke, I., Schuenemann, V.J., Habeck, M., Bürck, J., Ulrich, A.S., Schittek, B., 2012. Structure-Activity Analysis of the Dermcidin-derived Peptide DCD-1L, an Anionic Antimicrobial Peptide Present in Human Sweat. J. Biol. Chem. 287, 8434–8443. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.332270 </ref> Its antimicrobial activity is effective under a broad range of pH and high salt concentrations as the human sweat. The sweat is composed of a big percentage of water and electrolytes such as potassium, calcium, magnesium and zinc ions. This is again a principle difference to the other AMPs.<ref name="novel"/> | Dermcidin is present in the sweat around 1-10 µg/ml and acts like a regulator of the skin flora in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system_ innate immune response] by inhibiting a large range of bacteria (Gram positive: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_ ''Staphylococcus aureus''], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus_faecalis_ ''Enterococcus faecalis'']; Gram negative: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli_ ''Escherichia coli'']) and even fungus ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans_ ''Candida albicans'']).<ref name="de"> Paulmann, M., Arnold, T., Linke, D., Özdirekcan, S., Kopp, A., Gutsmann, T., Kalbacher, H., Wanke, I., Schuenemann, V.J., Habeck, M., Bürck, J., Ulrich, A.S., Schittek, B., 2012. Structure-Activity Analysis of the Dermcidin-derived Peptide DCD-1L, an Anionic Antimicrobial Peptide Present in Human Sweat. J. Biol. Chem. 287, 8434–8443. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.332270 </ref> Its antimicrobial activity is effective under a broad range of pH and high salt concentrations as the human sweat possesses. The sweat is composed of a big percentage of water and electrolytes such as potassium, calcium, magnesium and zinc ions. This is again a principle difference to the other AMPs.<ref name="novel"/> | ||
The 12 DCD-1L-derived peptides described in the expression and maturation part play a role in the modulation of the immune response. For example, some of them seems to be more active against ''E. coli'' or ''S.aureus'' than DCD-1L. This is the case of SSL-29, SSL-25 and LEK-24 peptides. Indeed, the first three amino acids (SSL) up to the 23th amino acids of DCD-1L is a region which appears to be responsible for the antibacterial activity.<ref> Steffen, H., Rieg, S., Wiedemann, I., Kalbacher, H., Deeg, M., Sahl, H.-G., Peschel, A., Gotz, F., Garbe, C., Schittek, B., 2006. Naturally Processed Dermcidin-Derived Peptides Do Not Permeabilize Bacterial Membranes and Kill Microorganisms Irrespective of Their Charge. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, 2608–2620. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00181-06 </ref> Therefore the antimicrobial defense of humans does not stop at the point of DCD-1L but is more likely modulated by further proteolytic processes (e.g. by CatD) to maintain a healthy innate immune defense on the human skin.<ref name="baechle"/> | The 12 DCD-1L-derived peptides described in the expression and maturation part play a role in the modulation of the immune response. For example, some of them seems to be more active against ''E. coli'' or ''S.aureus'' than DCD-1L. This is the case of SSL-29, SSL-25 and LEK-24 peptides. Indeed, the first three amino acids (SSL) up to the 23th amino acids of DCD-1L is a region which appears to be responsible for the antibacterial activity.<ref> Steffen, H., Rieg, S., Wiedemann, I., Kalbacher, H., Deeg, M., Sahl, H.-G., Peschel, A., Gotz, F., Garbe, C., Schittek, B., 2006. Naturally Processed Dermcidin-Derived Peptides Do Not Permeabilize Bacterial Membranes and Kill Microorganisms Irrespective of Their Charge. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, 2608–2620. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00181-06 </ref> Therefore the antimicrobial defense of humans does not stop at the point of DCD-1L but is more likely modulated by further proteolytic processes (e.g. by CatD) to maintain a healthy innate immune defense on the human skin.<ref name="baechle"/> | ||
