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==Introduction==

The insulin receptor is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmembrane_protein transmembrane] receptor <ref name="De Meyts"/> that resides in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane plasma membrane] and is activated by the binding of insulin. The insulin receptor belongs to the large class of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase receptor tyrosine kinase] (RTKs). RTKs are found at the cell surface and have a high affinity for a particular ligand. RTKs are made up of three distinct parts: an extracellular domain with ligand binding sites, a transmembrane region, and an intracellular domain with the tyrosine kinases that initiate intracellular signaling cascades <ref name="De Meyts"> PMID: 27512793 </ref>. Downstream signaling from the insulin receptor initiates a variety of cellular pathways including glucose homeostasis, regulation of lipid, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism, gene expression, and even modulation of brain neurotransmitter levels <ref name="Tatulian"/>. Amongst RTKs, the insulin receptor is unusual as its undergoes a large conformation change upon insulin binding. Through recent cryo-EM structures of the insulin receptor bound in various conformations, a complete three-dimensional understanding of this conformational changes in finally coming into focus. '''This page focuses specifically on the insulin receptor's role in glucose homeostasis'''.

The insulin receptor is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmembrane_protein transmembrane] receptor <ref name="De Meyts"/> that resides in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane plasma membrane] and is activated by the binding of insulin. The insulin receptor belongs to the large class of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase receptor tyrosine kinase] (RTKs). RTKs are found at the cell surface and have a high affinity for a particular ligand. RTKs are made up of three distinct parts: an extracellular domain with ligand binding sites, a transmembrane region, and an intracellular domain with the tyrosine kinases that initiate intracellular signaling cascades <ref name="De Meyts"> PMID: 27512793 </ref>. Downstream signaling from the insulin receptor initiates a variety of cellular pathways including glucose [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis homeostasis], regulation of lipid, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism, gene expression, and even modulation of brain neurotransmitter levels <ref name="Tatulian"/>. Amongst RTKs, the insulin receptor is unusual as its undergoes a large conformation change upon insulin binding. Through recent cryo-EM structures of the insulin receptor bound in various conformations, a complete three-dimensional understanding of this conformational changes in finally coming into focus. '''This page focuses specifically on the insulin receptor's role in glucose homeostasis'''.

==Structural Overview==

Sandbox Reserved 1627: Difference between revisions

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 ==Introduction==
-The insulin receptor is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmembrane_protein transmembrane] receptor <ref name="De Meyts"/> that resides in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane plasma membrane] and is activated by the binding of insulin. The insulin receptor belongs to the large class of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase receptor tyrosine kinase] (RTKs). RTKs are found at the cell surface and have a high affinity for a particular ligand. RTKs are made up of three distinct parts: an extracellular domain with ligand binding sites, a transmembrane region, and an intracellular domain with the tyrosine kinases that initiate intracellular signaling cascades <ref name="De Meyts"> PMID: 27512793 </ref>. Downstream signaling from the insulin receptor initiates a variety of cellular pathways including glucose homeostasis, regulation of lipid, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism, gene expression, and even modulation of brain neurotransmitter levels <ref name="Tatulian"/>. Amongst RTKs, the insulin receptor is unusual as its undergoes a large conformation change upon insulin binding. Through recent cryo-EM structures of the insulin receptor bound in various conformations, a complete three-dimensional understanding of this conformational changes in finally coming into focus. '''This page focuses specifically on the insulin receptor's role in glucose homeostasis'''.
+The insulin receptor is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmembrane_protein transmembrane] receptor <ref name="De Meyts"/> that resides in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane plasma membrane] and is activated by the binding of insulin. The insulin receptor belongs to the large class of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase receptor tyrosine kinase] (RTKs). RTKs are found at the cell surface and have a high affinity for a particular ligand. RTKs are made up of three distinct parts: an extracellular domain with ligand binding sites, a transmembrane region, and an intracellular domain with the tyrosine kinases that initiate intracellular signaling cascades <ref name="De Meyts"> PMID: 27512793 </ref>. Downstream signaling from the insulin receptor initiates a variety of cellular pathways including glucose [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis homeostasis], regulation of lipid, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism, gene expression, and even modulation of brain neurotransmitter levels <ref name="Tatulian"/>. Amongst RTKs, the insulin receptor is unusual as its undergoes a large conformation change upon insulin binding. Through recent cryo-EM structures of the insulin receptor bound in various conformations, a complete three-dimensional understanding of this conformational changes in finally coming into focus. '''This page focuses specifically on the insulin receptor's role in glucose homeostasis'''.
 ==Structural Overview==