Sandbox Reserved 1600: Difference between revisions

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=Introduction=

<scene name='83/838655/Bdoxidase_structure_full/4'>Cytochrome bd oxidase</scene> is an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_membrane_protein integral membrane protein] that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water using quinol as the reducing substrate.<ref name=”Giuffrè”>PMID:24486503</ref> The full reaction is O₂ + 4H+ + 4e- → 2H₂O. The reaction is electrogenic but it is not coupled to a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_pump proton pump]. Instead, bd oxidase utilizes internal water molecules to provide the four protons needed for the reduction reaction and an external ubiquinone molecule for the four electrons needed.<ref name = ”Safarian”>PMID:31604309</ref> bd oxidase plays a key role in protecting the organism from high oxidative stress. In a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria gram-negative bacteria] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotroph heterotrophs] like Geobacillus thermodenitrificans, bd oxidase prevents free radicals in the intracellular space. Other organisms, like humans, have mechanisms that do the same thing but are more intricate due to the organism’s higher levels of complexity.

<scene name='83/838655/Bdoxidase_structure_full/4'>Cytochrome bd oxidase</scene> is an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_membrane_protein integral membrane protein] that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water using quinol as the reducing substrate.<ref name=”Giuffrè”>PMID:24486503</ref> The full reaction is O₂ + 4H+ + 4e- → 2H₂O. The reaction is electrogenic but it is not coupled to a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_pump proton pump]. Instead, bd oxidase utilizes internal water molecules to provide the four protons needed for the reduction reaction and an external ubiquinone molecule for the four electrons needed.<ref name = ”Safarian”>PMID:31604309</ref> bd oxidase plays a key role in protecting the organism from high oxidative stress. In a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria gram-negative bacteria] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotroph heterotrophs] like ''Geobacillus thermodenitrificans'', bd oxidase prevents free radicals in the intracellular space. Other organisms, like humans, have mechanisms that do the same thing but are more intricate due to the organism’s higher levels of complexity.

There are two main types of respiratory cytochrome oxidases: the heme/copper oxidases and the heme-only cytochrome bd quinol oxidase, which is what bd oxidase falls under.<ref name=”Das”>PMID:15743950</ref> Heme-only cytochrome bd quinol oxidases are associated with microaerobic dioxygen respiration, and they have a high affinity for oxygen.

Sandbox Reserved 1600: Difference between revisions

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 =Introduction=
-<scene name='83/838655/Bdoxidase_structure_full/4'>Cytochrome bd oxidase</scene> is an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_membrane_protein integral membrane protein] that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water using quinol as the reducing substrate.<ref name=”Giuffrè”>PMID:24486503</ref> The full reaction is O₂ + 4H<sup>+</sup> + 4e<sup>-</sup> → 2H₂O. The reaction is electrogenic but it is not coupled to a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_pump proton pump]. Instead, bd oxidase utilizes internal water molecules to provide the four protons needed for the reduction reaction and an external ubiquinone molecule for the four electrons needed.<ref name = ”Safarian”>PMID:31604309</ref> bd oxidase plays a key role in protecting the organism from high oxidative stress. In a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria gram-negative bacteria] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotroph heterotrophs] like Geobacillus thermodenitrificans, bd oxidase prevents free radicals in the intracellular space. Other organisms, like humans, have mechanisms that do the same thing but are more intricate due to the organism’s higher levels of complexity.
+<scene name='83/838655/Bdoxidase_structure_full/4'>Cytochrome bd oxidase</scene> is an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_membrane_protein integral membrane protein] that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water using quinol as the reducing substrate.<ref name=”Giuffrè”>PMID:24486503</ref> The full reaction is O₂ + 4H<sup>+</sup> + 4e<sup>-</sup> → 2H₂O. The reaction is electrogenic but it is not coupled to a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_pump proton pump]. Instead, bd oxidase utilizes internal water molecules to provide the four protons needed for the reduction reaction and an external ubiquinone molecule for the four electrons needed.<ref name = ”Safarian”>PMID:31604309</ref> bd oxidase plays a key role in protecting the organism from high oxidative stress. In a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria gram-negative bacteria] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotroph heterotrophs] like ''Geobacillus thermodenitrificans'', bd oxidase prevents free radicals in the intracellular space. Other organisms, like humans, have mechanisms that do the same thing but are more intricate due to the organism’s higher levels of complexity.
 There are two main types of respiratory cytochrome oxidases: the heme/copper oxidases and the heme-only cytochrome bd quinol oxidase, which is what bd oxidase falls under.<ref name=”Das”>PMID:15743950</ref> Heme-only cytochrome bd quinol oxidases are associated with microaerobic dioxygen respiration, and they have a high affinity for oxygen.