User:Allie Pointer/Pointer Sandbox 1: Difference between revisions
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== Background == | == Background == | ||
Interleukin-12 also known as <scene name='83/837863/Il-12/7'>il-12</scene>. There are different cells including macrophages, some B cells, and neutrophils that produce IL-12 to generate immunity to pathogens. It can also stimulate the proliferation of natural killer cells, which kills cells in someone’s body that has been affected by a pathogen, and T cells. IL-12 is also a heterodimeric glycoprotein. In IL-12 there are two subunits that are di-sulfide linked. That di-sulfide bonds in not necessary for the formation of IL-12. It is also not necessary for the secretion of IL-12, but the di-sulfide bonds help to stabilize the subunits. There have been studies done to see its affects for immunotherapy | Interleukin-12 also known as <scene name='83/837863/Il-12/7'>il-12</scene>. There are different cells including macrophages, some B cells, and neutrophils that produce IL-12 to generate immunity to pathogens. It can also stimulate the proliferation of natural killer cells, which kills cells in someone’s body that has been affected by a pathogen, and T cells. IL-12 is also a heterodimeric glycoprotein. In IL-12 there are two subunits that are di-sulfide linked. That di-sulfide bonds in not necessary for the formation of IL-12. It is also not necessary for the secretion of IL-12, but the di-sulfide bonds help to stabilize the subunits. There have been studies done to see its affects for immunotherapy | ||
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== Function == | == Function == | ||
Interleukin-12 is produced by macrophages, neutrophils, and some B cells. Il-12 helps make cytotoxic cells and natural killer cells. T cells turn into cytotoxic t cells when il-12 is released. | Interleukin-12 is produced by macrophages, neutrophils, and some B cells. Il-12 helps make cytotoxic cells and natural killer cells. T cells turn into cytotoxic t cells when il-12 is released. <ref name="charged" /> | ||
Innate immunity is when the body has defense mechanisms that starts working within hours of a pathogen being introduced into the body. Innate is the first line of defense against pathogens so there is no specific pathogen they attack anything. Adaptive immunity is acquired or specific. Each attack is specific to the pathogen. It is supposed to attack pathogens that are invading. If it attacks its own pathogens it can form autoimmune disorders. Adaptive immunity is done by b or t lymphoctyes. T helper cells secrete different cytokines like il-12 which lets il-12 activate innate natural killer cells and adaptive cytotoxic t cells. Il-12 helps mature cytotoxic t cells so they can attack specific pathogens. It also helps stimulate the production of natural killer cells so they can start innate immunity. Il-12 is produced by dendritic cells, and monocytes. | Innate immunity is when the body has defense mechanisms that starts working within hours of a pathogen being introduced into the body. Innate is the first line of defense against pathogens so there is no specific pathogen, they attack anything. Adaptive immunity is acquired or specific. Each attack is specific to the pathogen. It is supposed to attack pathogens that are invading. If it attacks its own pathogens it can form autoimmune disorders. Adaptive immunity is done by b or t lymphoctyes. T helper cells secrete different cytokines like il-12 which lets il-12 activate innate natural killer cells and adaptive cytotoxic t cells.<ref name="immunotherapy">PMID:24514955</ref> Il-12 helps mature cytotoxic t cells so they can attack specific pathogens. <ref name="immunotherapy" /> It also helps stimulate the production of natural killer cells so they can start innate immunity. Il-12 is produced by dendritic cells, and monocytes. | ||
To increase the production of il-12 it can be done through priming or amplification. In priming when it binds to a ligand and goes through the toll like receptors it allows more il-12 to pass through faster. Amplification happens through a cytokine network where different cytokines are secreted through different cells. | To increase the production of il-12 it can be done through priming or amplification. <ref name="immunotherapy" /> In priming when it binds to a ligand and goes through the toll like receptors it allows more il-12 to pass through faster. Amplification happens through a cytokine network where different cytokines are secreted through different cells. | ||
Il-12 has many actions. One action is stimulating the growth and cytotoxicity of natural killer cells. They also convert th0 cells into th1 cells by activating specific transcription factors. Il-12 also stimulated the production of interferon gamma (1hig) which is another type of cytokine used in innate and adaptive immunity. | Il-12 has many actions. One action is stimulating the growth and cytotoxicity of natural killer cells. They also convert th0 cells into th1 cells by activating specific transcription factors. <ref name="immunotherapy" /> Il-12 also stimulated the production of '''interferon gamma (1hig)''' which is another type of cytokine used in innate and adaptive immunity. <ref name="immunotherapy" /> Interferon gamma is secreted by t cells and natural killer cells also it promotes macrophage activation meaning it helps more macrophages to be activated so it can eat bacteria, viruses, and fungi. <ref name="interferon">PMID:10688427</ref> Il-12 also helped to introduce IgG and suppress IgE from B cells. IgG is an antibody released from plasma B cells and has two antigen binding sites. It also is the most abundant antibody and helps to fight bacterial and viral infects. IgE is an antibody that is produced when your immune system reacts to an allergen. All those actions that il-12 performs helps it with its antitumor effects. In animal studies il-12 has been useful in tumor therapy. <ref name="immunotherapy" /> Its effectiveness is also increased when used with other therapeutic models. | ||
Il-12 is proinflammatory meaning it promotes inflammation which contributes in developing th1 cells from th0 cells. It also participates in a positive feed back loop. Il-12 caused interferon gamma production from t cells. That facilitated th1 differentiation. Il-12 also induced production of interferon gamma by natural killer cells. Interferon gamma can be a part of the positive feed back loop because transcription factors are activated. In a study done on mice if specific transcription factors are not expressed than there can be a defect in one or both subunits of il-12. | Il-12 is proinflammatory meaning it promotes inflammation which contributes in developing th1 cells from th0 cells. <ref name="family">PMID:22814351</ref> It also participates in a positive feed back loop. Il-12 caused interferon gamma production from t cells. That facilitated th1 differentiation. Il-12 also induced production of interferon gamma by natural killer cells. <ref name="family" /> Interferon gamma can be a part of the positive feed back loop because transcription factors are activated. In a study done on mice, if specific transcription factors are not expressed than there can be a defect in one or both subunits of il-12. <ref name="cytokines">PMID:19275692 </ref> | ||
== Diseases == | == Diseases == | ||
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== IL-12 Family == | == IL-12 Family == | ||
Il-12 is apart of the interleukin-12 family. The family consist of il-12, il-23, il-27, il-35. They are all heterodimeric cytokines. They are structurally similar but all have very different biological | Il-12 is apart of the interleukin-12 family. The family consist of il-12, il-23, il-27, il-35. They are all heterodimeric cytokines. They are structurally similar but all have very different biological activities. Il-23 also has two disulfide linked subunits. One subunit both il-23 and il-12 share is p40. Il-23s other subunit acts very similary to p35 in il-12. That subunit is p19 and is doesn’t secrete much when not in the presence of p40. That is similar to p35 which is unstable without p40. | ||
This is a sample scene created with SAT to <scene name="/12/3456/Sample/1">color</scene> by Group, and another to make <scene name="/12/3456/Sample/2">a transparent representation</scene> of the protein. You can make your own scenes on SAT starting from scratch or loading and editing one of these sample scenes. | This is a sample scene created with SAT to <scene name="/12/3456/Sample/1">color</scene> by Group, and another to make <scene name="/12/3456/Sample/2">a transparent representation</scene> of the protein. You can make your own scenes on SAT starting from scratch or loading and editing one of these sample scenes. | ||
