Sandbox Reserved 1647: Difference between revisions

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The secondary structure of the protein allows it to bind with the DNA: The T-box domain consists of several repeats of <scene name='86/868180/Helix_and_strand/1'>β-strands and α-helix</scene> and is involved in both dimerization and DNA binding.

Thanks to some post-translational modifications of the protein’s residues, the transcription factor TBX21 can bind with DNA between the residues <scene name='86/868180/Lys135/1'>LYS 135</scene> and <scene name='86/868180/Asn_326/1'>ASN 326</scene> and some proteins. Firstly, the ubiquitination of the residue <scene name='86/868180/Lys314/1'>K 313</scene> allows TBX21 to bind with the DNA sequence. Lys-313 was lately found as a key site required for T-bet to interact with the IFN-γ gene promoter and to assure phosphorylation at Thr-302 <ref name="Lysine 313 of T-box Is Crucial for Modulation of Protein Stability, DNA Binding, and Threonine Phosphorylation of T-bet">DOI 10.1073/pnas.0409512102</ref>. Secondly, the phosphorylation of some residues allows TBX21 to interact with several proteins : the phosphorylation of <scene name='86/868180/Thr302/1'>T 302</scene> allows TBX21 to interact with [https://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/2o93 NFAT], the one of <scene name='86/868180/Tyr304/1'>Y 304</scene> allows TBX21 to interact with [https://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/1co1 RUNX1], the one of <scene name='86/868180/Ser508/1'>S 508</scene> allows the interaction with [https://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/2i9t NF-кB p65] and finally the one of Y525 allows the interaction with GATA-3.

Thanks to some post-translational modifications of the protein’s residues, the transcription factor TBX21 can bind with DNA between the residues <scene name='86/868180/Lys135/1'>LYS 135</scene> and <scene name='86/868180/Asn_326/1'>ASN 326</scene> and some proteins. Firstly, the ubiquitination of the residue <scene name='86/868180/Lys314/1'>K 313</scene> allows TBX21 to bind with the DNA sequence. Lys-313 was lately found as a key site required for T-bet to interact with the IFN-γ gene promoter and to assure phosphorylation at Thr-302 <ref name="Lysine 313 of T-box Is Crucial for Modulation of Protein Stability, DNA Binding, and Threonine Phosphorylation of T-bet">DOI 10.1073/pnas.0409512102</ref>. Secondly, the phosphorylation of some residues allows TBX21 to interact with several proteins : the phosphorylation of <scene name='86/868180/Thr302/1'>T 302</scene> allows TBX21 to interact with [https://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/2o93 NFAT], the one of <scene name='86/868180/Tyr304/1'>Y 304</scene> allows TBX21 to interact with [https://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/1co1 RUNX1], the one of <scene name='86/868180/Ser508/1'>S 508</scene> allows the interaction with [https://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/2i9t NF-кB p65] and finally the one of Y525 allows the interaction with GATA-3. <ref name="The transcription factors T-bet and GATA-3 control alternative pathways of T-cell differentiation through a shared set of target genes">DOI 10.1073/pnas.0909357106</ref>

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=== Regulation of Th cells differentiation by TBX21 ===

The transcription factor T-bet directs Th1 cell differentiation. The molecular mechanisms that underlie this lineage-specific gene regulation are not completely understood but several hypotheses have already been made of the mechanism of action of T-bet. <ref name="NFATc2 and T-bet contribute to T-helper-cell-subset-specific regulation of IL-21 expression">DOI 10.4049/jimmunol.1203403</ref>

We know that T-bet initiates Th1 lineage development from naive Thp cells by activating Th1 genetics and repressing the opposing Th2 programs. Th1 cells stimulate cellular immune response while Th2 stimulates humoral immune response and induces antibody production.

We know that T-bet initiates Th1 lineage development from naive Thp cells by activating Th1 genetics and repressing the opposing Th2 programs. Th1 cells stimulate cellular immune response while Th2 stimulates humoral immune response and induces antibody production. <ref name="The Transcription Factor T-Bet Is Required for Optimal Type I Follicular Helper T Cell Maintenance During Acute Viral Infection">DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00606</ref>

[[Image:TBET.jpg|thumb|upright=2 |T-bet action in the formation of SEC]]

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=== TBX21 as an antiasthmatic regulator ===

Asthma remains one of the commonest chronic inflammatory diseases and has a major impact on the life of sufferers. It is associated with allergy mediated by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E IgE antibodies]. T-bet was found associated with many immune-mediated diseases such as asthma.

Asthma remains one of the commonest chronic inflammatory diseases and has a major impact on the life of sufferers. It is associated with allergy mediated by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E IgE antibodies]. T-bet was found associated with many immune-mediated diseases such as asthma.<ref name="Asthma: T-bet--a master controller?">DOI 10.1016/s0960-9822(02)00830-8</ref>

In asthmatic airways, Th2 cells are activated and release several cytokines <ref name="The role of protein modifications of T-bet in cytokine production and differentiation of T helper cells">DOI 10.1155/2014/589672</ref> that regulate IgE production and inflammatory cell recruitment, such as eosinophils. Th2 cells and GATA-3 play an important role in allergic inflammation and asthma, and induce IgE production. The asthmatic patients present high levels of total IgE. On the contrary, the T-bet gene expression and Th1 pattern, along with the IFN- γ production, are usually associated with non-allergic asthmatics and healthy subjects.

Sandbox Reserved 1647: Difference between revisions

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@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 The secondary structure of the protein allows it to bind with the DNA: The T-box domain consists of several repeats of <scene name='86/868180/Helix_and_strand/1'>β-strands and α-helix</scene> and is involved in both dimerization and DNA binding.
-Thanks to some post-translational modifications of the protein’s residues, the transcription factor TBX21 can bind with DNA between the residues <scene name='86/868180/Lys135/1'>LYS 135</scene> and <scene name='86/868180/Asn_326/1'>ASN 326</scene> and some proteins. Firstly, the ubiquitination of the residue <scene name='86/868180/Lys314/1'>K 313</scene> allows TBX21 to bind with the DNA sequence. Lys-313 was lately found as a key site required for T-bet to interact with the IFN-γ gene promoter and to assure phosphorylation at Thr-302 <ref name="Lysine 313 of T-box Is Crucial for Modulation of Protein Stability, DNA Binding, and Threonine Phosphorylation of T-bet">DOI 10.1073/pnas.0409512102</ref>. Secondly, the phosphorylation of some residues allows TBX21 to interact with several proteins : the phosphorylation of <scene name='86/868180/Thr302/1'>T 302</scene> allows TBX21 to interact with [https://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/2o93 NFAT], the one of <scene name='86/868180/Tyr304/1'>Y 304</scene> allows TBX21 to interact with [https://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/1co1 RUNX1], the one of <scene name='86/868180/Ser508/1'>S 508</scene> allows the interaction with [https://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/2i9t NF-кB p65] and finally the one of Y525 allows the interaction with GATA-3.
+Thanks to some post-translational modifications of the protein’s residues, the transcription factor TBX21 can bind with DNA between the residues <scene name='86/868180/Lys135/1'>LYS 135</scene> and <scene name='86/868180/Asn_326/1'>ASN 326</scene> and some proteins. Firstly, the ubiquitination of the residue <scene name='86/868180/Lys314/1'>K 313</scene> allows TBX21 to bind with the DNA sequence. Lys-313 was lately found as a key site required for T-bet to interact with the IFN-γ gene promoter and to assure phosphorylation at Thr-302 <ref name="Lysine 313 of T-box Is Crucial for Modulation of Protein Stability, DNA Binding, and Threonine Phosphorylation of T-bet">DOI 10.1073/pnas.0409512102</ref>. Secondly, the phosphorylation of some residues allows TBX21 to interact with several proteins : the phosphorylation of <scene name='86/868180/Thr302/1'>T 302</scene> allows TBX21 to interact with [https://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/2o93 NFAT], the one of <scene name='86/868180/Tyr304/1'>Y 304</scene> allows TBX21 to interact with [https://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/1co1 RUNX1], the one of <scene name='86/868180/Ser508/1'>S 508</scene> allows the interaction with [https://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/2i9t NF-кB p65] and finally the one of Y525 allows the interaction with GATA-3. <ref name="The transcription factors T-bet and GATA-3 control alternative pathways of T-cell differentiation through a shared set of target genes">DOI 10.1073/pnas.0909357106</ref>
@@ Line 27: / Line 28: @@
 === Regulation of Th cells differentiation by TBX21 ===
 The transcription factor T-bet directs Th1 cell differentiation. The molecular mechanisms that underlie this lineage-specific gene regulation are not completely understood but several hypotheses have already been made of the mechanism of action of T-bet. <ref name="NFATc2 and T-bet contribute to T-helper-cell-subset-specific regulation of IL-21 expression">DOI 10.4049/jimmunol.1203403</ref>
-We know that T-bet initiates Th1 lineage development from naive Thp cells by activating Th1 genetics and repressing the opposing Th2 programs. Th1 cells stimulate cellular immune response while Th2 stimulates humoral immune response and induces antibody production.
+We know that T-bet initiates Th1 lineage development from naive Thp cells by activating Th1 genetics and repressing the opposing Th2 programs. Th1 cells stimulate cellular immune response while Th2 stimulates humoral immune response and induces antibody production. <ref name="The Transcription Factor T-Bet Is Required for Optimal Type I Follicular Helper T Cell Maintenance During Acute Viral Infection">DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00606</ref>
 [[Image:TBET.jpg|thumb|upright=2 |T-bet action in the formation of SEC]]
@@ Line 40: / Line 42: @@
 === TBX21 as an antiasthmatic regulator ===
-Asthma remains one of the commonest chronic inflammatory diseases and has a major impact on the life of sufferers. It is associated with allergy mediated by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E IgE antibodies]. T-bet was found associated with many immune-mediated diseases such as asthma.
+Asthma remains one of the commonest chronic inflammatory diseases and has a major impact on the life of sufferers. It is associated with allergy mediated by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E IgE antibodies]. T-bet was found associated with many immune-mediated diseases such as asthma.<ref name="Asthma: T-bet--a master controller?">DOI 10.1016/s0960-9822(02)00830-8</ref>
 In asthmatic airways, Th2 cells are activated and release several cytokines <ref name="The role of protein modifications of T-bet in cytokine production and differentiation of T helper cells">DOI 10.1155/2014/589672</ref> that regulate IgE production and inflammatory cell recruitment, such as eosinophils. Th2 cells and GATA-3 play an important role in allergic inflammation and asthma, and induce IgE production. The asthmatic patients present high levels of total IgE. On the contrary, the T-bet gene expression and Th1 pattern, along with the IFN- γ production, are usually associated with non-allergic asthmatics and healthy subjects.