Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I: Difference between revisions
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By the mid-1980's, there was abundant evidence that the ability of T lymphocytes to recognize antigen is "restricted" by MHC. However, what this "restriction" meant in terms of molecular mechanism was far from clear. Speculation about possible mechanisms raged for over a decade following Zinkernagel and Doherty's 1975 insight. But no experimental evidence available at the time was able to explain the "restriction". As an illustration, Figure 7 in [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1980/benacerraf-lecture.html Benacerraf's Nobel Lecture] shows his thinking in 1980. The figure shows an "Ia molecule" hypothetically "specifically interacting" with an "antigen fragment". Note that although the genetic linkage between Ia (the molecule coded for by immune response genes) and MHC was well established, it was not yet clear that Ia was MHC. Benacerraf's thinking was correct, as far as it went, but the details were not yet available. | By the mid-1980's, there was abundant evidence that the ability of T lymphocytes to recognize antigen is "restricted" by MHC. However, what this "restriction" meant in terms of molecular mechanism was far from clear. Speculation about possible mechanisms raged for over a decade following Zinkernagel and Doherty's 1975 insight. But no experimental evidence available at the time was able to explain the "restriction". As an illustration, Figure 7 in [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1980/benacerraf-lecture.html Benacerraf's Nobel Lecture] shows his thinking in 1980. The figure shows an "Ia molecule" hypothetically "specifically interacting" with an "antigen fragment". Note that although the genetic linkage between Ia (the molecule coded for by immune response genes) and MHC was well established, it was not yet clear that Ia was MHC. Benacerraf's thinking was correct, as far as it went, but the details were not yet available. | ||
[[Image:1hla_edm_fig6b.jpg|right|thumb|340 px|<font color='blue'>Electron density of HLA-A2 peptide-binding groove</font> showing <font color='#ca4e61'>density of mixed peptides</font>. Figure 6b from [[1hla#Reference | Bjorkman <i>et al., Nature</i> <b>329</b>:506]], used with permission of Dr. Pamela Bjorkman.]] | |||
In 1987, Bjorkman and coworkers (in the laboratory of Don Wiley at Harvard) published the first empirical structure of MHC, a crystallographic structure of the human MHC Class I protein HLA-A2 ([[1hla]]). Although the resolution was low (3.5 Å), there was sufficient information to explain the decade-long mystery of how MHC restricts the recognition of foreign antigens by T lymphocytes. It is difficult to exaggerate the impact that this structure, and those that followed, had on the field of immunology. | In 1987, Bjorkman and coworkers (in the laboratory of Don Wiley at Harvard) published the first empirical structure of MHC, a crystallographic structure of the human MHC Class I protein HLA-A2 ([[1hla]]). Although the resolution was low (3.5 Å), there was sufficient information to explain the decade-long mystery of how MHC restricts the recognition of foreign antigens by T lymphocytes. It is difficult to exaggerate the impact that this structure, and those that followed, had on the field of immunology. | ||
Wiley's team struggled for many years to obtain sufficient MHC protein and high quality crystals. During this struggle, their funding ran out but they persevered, using funds from other projects (personal communication to [[User:Eric Martz |Eric Martz]] from Wiley, ca. 1989). The MHC protein was obtained from cultures of human cells (the JY B lymphocyte cell line) by a well-established but arduous process that earlier had been used for obtaining the amino acid sequences of HLA proteins by Strominger and coworkers. Papain was used to cleave the soluble extracellular domains of the HLA MHC proteins from their transmembrane domains, and the HLA-A2 domains were purified, separating them from HLA-B7 among many other proteins present on these cells. | Wiley's team struggled for many years to obtain sufficient MHC protein and high quality crystals. During this struggle, their funding ran out but they persevered, using funds from other projects (personal communication to [[User:Eric Martz |Eric Martz]] from Wiley, ca. 1989). The MHC protein was obtained from cultures of human cells (the JY B lymphocyte cell line) by a well-established but arduous process that earlier had been used for obtaining the amino acid sequences of HLA proteins by Strominger and coworkers. Papain was used to cleave the soluble extracellular domains of the HLA MHC proteins from their transmembrane domains, and the HLA-A2 domains were purified, separating them from HLA-B7 among many other proteins present on these cells. | ||
