The p85 Adapter Subunit
Class IA PI3Ks are tightly associated with a 85 kDa regulatory subunit called p85.[1] P85 contains a Src homology 3 (SH3) domain, a breakpoint-cluster region homology (BH) domain between two proline-rich regions, and two C-terminal SH2 domains separated by an inter-SH2 (iSH2) region, which tightly binds p85 to the catalytic subunit.[2] Since PI3K has multiple protein-interaction domains, p85 is able to interact with several signaling molecules simultaneously, allowing for significant fine tuning of PI3K activity. [1]
Src Homology 3 (SH3) Domain
The SH3 domain of PI3K has homologues found in many intracellular signaling proteins. [3] It mediates protein-protein interactions by binding to proline-rich motifs in target proteins forming multimeric signaling complexes. [4] Of note, the SH3 domain interacts with Src (Src homology 2/α-collagen-related), CDC42GAP (Cdc42 GTPase-activating protein) and the proto-oncogene product Cbl. SH3 binds to proline rich ligands via a network of hydrophobic and hydrogen bond interactions, particularly with the conserved residues Trp 55, Pro 70, and Tyr 73 (3i5r).[3]
Proline-Rich Regions
The proline rich regions which flank the BH domain are ideal ligands for various SH3 containing non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases like Src, Lyn & Fyn, often with the product of the proteo-oncogene product Cbl as a docking site. [5]
Src Homology 2 (SH2) Domains
PI3K has two SH2 domains, an N-terminal (nSH2) domain and a C-terminal (CSH2) domain. [6] Both domains recognize similar consensus phosphorylated tyrosine motifs with the pattern: pY-V-X-M in activated receptors and adaptor proteins like PDGF, erbB3, c-Kit and CSF-1 receptors. [7] It is upon the interaction of receptor and SH2 domain that the heterodimeric PI3K complex is activated. [8] The docking site for receptor in NSH2 is defined by the conserved residues Arg 340, Arg 358, and Thr 371 (2iui), all of which coordinate the phosphorylated tyrosoine phosphate group.[9] nSH2 was found to interact with the catalytic subunit directly, forming a broad-based scaffold for p110α and coordinates communication between the interacting domains. (Discussed Below). [10]
BH Domain
The BH domain specifically interacts with the Rho family proteins, Cdc42 and Rac1. Although no crystal structure of the BH domain has been solved to date, mutagenesis experiments have verified that the conserved residues Arg 151, Lys 187 and Pro 270 play important roles in the interaction with Rac1 and Cdc42. [1]
Inter-SH2 (iSH2) Region
The iSH2, two long coiled alpha helices (2v1y), is flanked by the two SH2 domains. The primary purpose of the iSH2 is to tightly bind the adaptor-binding domain (ABD) on the catalytic p110 subunit (3hhm), effectively holding the PI3K heterodimer together. In fact, disruption of this interaction via antibodies prevents the formation of the PI3K heterodimer completely. [1] It is further believed that binding of phosphopetide by the SH2 domains causes conformational strains which is propagated to the catalytic subunit directly and via the iSH2[1]
Regulation of Class IA PI3K via p85 Phosphorylation
All PI3K catalytic subunits possess intrinsic protein serine kinase activity. PI3K regulatory subunits can be phophorylated by the catalytic subunit (p110) at specific sites. For example, phophorylation of Ser 608, a residue located in an area of the iSH2 domain that is critical for PIP2 presentation to the catalytic subunit, results in a dramatic reduction in PI3K lipid kinase activity.[11] Additionally, tyrosines 580 and 607 can be phosphorylated upon stimulation with insulin and growth factor along with Tyr 508 upon PDGF receptor mediation. [1] Phosphorylation of Tyr 688 in the CSH2 domain by Abl and Lck results in reduced affinity for phosphopeptides and subsequent activation of the catalytic domain. [12]
The Catalytic Subunit
The Catalytic Subunit (P110) of Class 1 PI3Ks
The catalytic subunit, P110 has several isoforms that associate with different classes of PI3Ks. P110α, β, and δ associate with Class IA PI3Ks while p110γ associates with Class 1B PI3ks. [1] The p110α subunit contains several domains including an N-terminal adaptor-binding domain (ABD), a Ras binding domain (RBD) a C2 domain that likely binds to the cellular membrane, a helical domain (HD) with unknown function, and the actual catalytic kinase domain. [10] The actions of these domains are coordinated by the nSH2 communicating domain in p85.
The video above depicts the ATP binding pocket of PI3K.
Communication between nSH2 & The Catalytic Subunit Domains
The alpha-A helix of NSH2 (residues 340-345) is anchored into a cavity created by the C2 and Kinase domain interface. Helix α11K of the Kinase domain (residues 1017-1024) interacts with the alpha-A helix of nSH2. nSH2 interacts with the C2 domain through a network of charge-charge interactions involving two loops on nSH2 (Residues 374-377 & 350-354) and C2 residues 364-371, a strong salt bridge between NSH2 Glu 349 and C2 residue Arg 357, and hydrogen bonds between NSH2 Glu 348 and C2 Glu 453 and Asp 454. [10]
The helical domain in p110, whose function isn’t thoroughly understood, interacts with nSH2 via charge interactions. The HD residue, Glu 542 forms a salt bridge with Arg 358 on NSH2 while Glu 545 interacts with NSH2 Lys 379. These residues are known hotspot mutations which are associated with various types of cancer. [10] This loop in the helical domain which contains the hotspots (residues 542-546) is located precisely where the phosphopeptide of NSH2 ligands, like PDGFR, bind to NSH2. The salt bridge formed between Glu 542 and nSH2 is disrupted upon binding phosphorylated peptides like PDGFR, eliminating nSH2-mediated inhibition of p110α and activating the enzyme to phosphorylate PIP2 into PIP3. The hotspot mutation at Glu 542 accomplishes the same thing by eliminating the salt bridge and uninhibiting p110α. It is the kinase domain which binds ATP to provide the phosphate group used to convert PIP2 into PIP3. [10]
Model for Catalysis
Although no crystal structure of PI3K with bound substate analog has been solved, a model for PIP2 phosphorylation has been developed and is generally supported. [13] In this model, the headgroup of PIP2 is positioned in a cavity between the C-terminal helix 12 of the kinase domain, the “activation” loop, and the “catalytic” loop. This puts the 5-phosphate of PIP2 near Lys 973 and the I-phosphate of ATP near Lys 807 and Lys 808. The basic residues Arg 947 and Lys 973 can bind the 4-Phosphate of PIP2 and help provide the Class I PI3Ks with their specificity for PIP2. Once PIP2 and ATP are bound, it is believed His 948 rotates to interact with PIP2, deprotonating it at the C-3 Hydroxyl position creating a nucleophile. This nucleophile subsequently attacks the gamma phosphate of ATP producing PIP3. [13]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Wymann MP, Pirola L. Structure and function of phosphoinositide 3-kinases. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1998 Dec 8;1436(1-2):127-50. PMID:9838078
- ↑ Otsu M, Hiles I, Gout I, Fry MJ, Ruiz-Larrea F, Panayotou G, Thompson A, Dhand R, Hsuan J, Totty N, et al.. Characterization of two 85 kd proteins that associate with receptor tyrosine kinases, middle-T/pp60c-src complexes, and PI3-kinase. Cell. 1991 Apr 5;65(1):91-104. PMID:1707345
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Batra-Safferling R, Granzin J, Modder S, Hoffmann S, Willbold D. Structural studies of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) SH3 domain in complex with a peptide ligand: role of the anchor residue in ligand binding. Biol Chem. 2010 Jan;391(1):33-42. PMID:19919182 doi:10.1515/BC.2010.003
- ↑ Koch CA, Anderson D, Moran MF, Ellis C, Pawson T. SH2 and SH3 domains: elements that control interactions of cytoplasmic signaling proteins. Science. 1991 May 3;252(5006):668-74. PMID:1708916
- ↑ Dombrosky-Ferlan PM, Corey SJ. Yeast two-hybrid in vivo association of the Src kinase Lyn with the proto-oncogene product Cbl but not with the p85 subunit of PI 3-kinase. Oncogene. 1997 May 1;14(17):2019-24. PMID:9160881 doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201031
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ Weber T, Schaffhausen B, Liu Y, Gunther UL. NMR structure of the N-SH2 of the p85 subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase complexed to a doubly phosphorylated peptide reveals a second phosphotyrosine binding site. Biochemistry. 2000 Dec 26;39(51):15860-9. PMID:11123912
- ↑ Miled N, Yan Y, Hon WC, Perisic O, Zvelebil M, Inbar Y, Schneidman-Duhovny D, Wolfson HJ, Backer JM, Williams RL. Mechanism of two classes of cancer mutations in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase catalytic subunit. Science. 2007 Jul 13;317(5835):239-42. PMID:17626883 doi:317/5835/239
- ↑ Nolte RT, Eck MJ, Schlessinger J, Shoelson SE, Harrison SC. Crystal structure of the PI 3-kinase p85 amino-terminal SH2 domain and its phosphopeptide complexes. Nat Struct Biol. 1996 Apr;3(4):364-74. PMID:8599763
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Mandelker D, Gabelli SB, Schmidt-Kittler O, Zhu J, Cheong I, Huang CH, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Amzel LM. A frequent kinase domain mutation that changes the interaction between PI3Kalpha and the membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Oct 6;106(40):16996-7001. Epub 2009 Sep 23. PMID:19805105
- ↑ Dhand R, Hiles I, Panayotou G, Roche S, Fry MJ, Gout I, Totty NF, Truong O, Vicendo P, Yonezawa K, et al.. PI 3-kinase is a dual specificity enzyme: autoregulation by an intrinsic protein-serine kinase activity. EMBO J. 1994 Feb 1;13(3):522-33. PMID:8313897
- ↑ von Willebrand M, Williams S, Saxena M, Gilman J, Tailor P, Jascur T, Amarante-Mendes GP, Green DR, Mustelin T. Modification of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase SH2 domain binding properties by Abl- or Lck-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation at Tyr-688. J Biol Chem. 1998 Feb 13;273(7):3994-4000. PMID:9461588
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Walker EH, Perisic O, Ried C, Stephens L, Williams RL. Structural insights into phosphoinositide 3-kinase catalysis and signalling. Nature. 1999 Nov 18;402(6759):313-20. PMID:10580505 doi:10.1038/46319
