Enkephalin: Difference between revisions
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== Pathophysiology == | == Pathophysiology == | ||
Due to the wide distribution of the endogenous opioid system in the human body, its dysregulation has a high number of implications. One example of pain dysregulation is fibromyalgia, which is a widespread pain in the absence of identifiable peripheral pathology <ref>Clauw D. J. (2014). Fibromyalgia: a clinical review. JAMA, 311(15), 1547–1555. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.3266</ref>. It appears that the endogenous opioid system is involved in some aspects of pain in fibromyalgia <ref name="schrepf">Schrepf, A., Harper, D. E., Harte, S. E., Wang, H., Ichesco, E., Hampson, J. P., Zubieta, J. K., Clauw, D. J., & Harris, R. E. (2016). Endogenous opioidergic dysregulation of pain in fibromyalgia: a PET and fMRI study. Pain, 157(10), 2217–2225. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000633</ref>. The concentration of endogenous opioids in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with fibromyalgia seems to be higher, which leads to a decreased availability and affinity of Mu-opioid receptors (MOR) <ref name="schrepf"/>. This translates into an increase in pain neurotransmission. | Due to the wide distribution of the endogenous opioid system in the human body, its dysregulation has a high number of implications. One example of pain dysregulation is fibromyalgia, which is a widespread pain in the absence of identifiable peripheral pathology <ref>Clauw D. J. (2014). Fibromyalgia: a clinical review. JAMA, 311(15), 1547–1555. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.3266</ref>. It appears that the endogenous opioid system is involved in some aspects of pain in fibromyalgia <ref name="schrepf">Schrepf, A., Harper, D. E., Harte, S. E., Wang, H., Ichesco, E., Hampson, J. P., Zubieta, J. K., Clauw, D. J., & Harris, R. E. (2016). Endogenous opioidergic dysregulation of pain in fibromyalgia: a PET and fMRI study. Pain, 157(10), 2217–2225. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000633</ref>. The concentration of endogenous opioids in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with fibromyalgia seems to be higher, which leads to a decreased availability and affinity of Mu-opioid receptors (MOR) <ref name="schrepf"/>. This translates into an increase in pain neurotransmission. | ||
High levels of enkephalins in Alzheimer's disease can be the manifestation of compensatory processes or, on the contrary, they can contribute to cognitive deterioration<ref> William J. Meilandt, Gui-Qiu Yu, Jeannie Chin, Erik D. Roberson, Jorge J. Palop, Tiffany Wu et alii (et al.). Enkephalin elevations contribute to neuronal and behavioral impairments in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The Journal of Neuroscience 2008;28:5007-5017.</ref>. The therapeutic potential of reducing enkephalin production or signaling deserves further investigation<ref> William J. Meilandt, Gui-Qiu Yu, Jeannie Chin, Erik D. Roberson, Jorge J. Palop, Tiffany Wu et alii (et al.). Enkephalin elevations contribute to neuronal and behavioral impairments in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The Journal of Neuroscience 2008;28:5007-5017.</ref>. | |||
== Structure == | == Structure == | ||
