Steroids: Difference between revisions
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Neurosteroids, also known as neuroactive steroids, are endogenous or exogenous steroids that rapidly alter neuronal excitability through interaction with ligand-gated ion channels and other cell surface receptors. | Neurosteroids, also known as neuroactive steroids, are endogenous or exogenous steroids that rapidly alter neuronal excitability through interaction with ligand-gated ion channels and other cell surface receptors. | ||
'''Excitatory neurosteroids''' | '''[[Inhibitory neurosteroids]]''' | ||
These neurosteroids exert inhibitory actions on neurotransmission. They act as positive allosteric modulators of the [[GABAA receptor]] (especially δ subunit-containing isoforms), and possess, in no particular order, antidepressant, anxiolytic, stress-reducing, rewarding, prosocial, antiaggressive, prosexual, sedative, pro-sleep, cognitive and memory-impairing, analgesic, anesthetic, anticonvulsant, neuroprotective, and neurogenic effects. | |||
Major examples include <scene name='89/896619/Cv/7'>tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone</scene> (THDOC; from [[5osb]]), the androstane 3α-androstanediol, the cholestane cholesterol and the pregnanes pregnanolone (eltanolone), allopregnanolone (3α,5α-THP). | |||
'''[[Excitatory neurosteroids]]''' | |||
These neurosteroids have excitatory effects on neurotransmission. They act as potent negative allosteric modulators of the [[GABAA receptor]], weak positive allosteric modulators of the NMDA receptor, and/or agonists of the σ1 receptor, and mostly have antidepressant, anxiogenic, cognitive and memory-enhancing, convulsant, neuroprotective, and neurogenic effects. Major examples include the pregnanes pregnenolone sulfate (PS), epipregnanolone, and isopregnanolone (sepranolone), the androstanes dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA; prasterone), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S; prasterone sulfate), and the cholestane 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (NMDA receptor-selective; very potent). | These neurosteroids have excitatory effects on neurotransmission. They act as potent negative allosteric modulators of the [[GABAA receptor]], weak positive allosteric modulators of the NMDA receptor, and/or agonists of the σ1 receptor, and mostly have antidepressant, anxiogenic, cognitive and memory-enhancing, convulsant, neuroprotective, and neurogenic effects. Major examples include the pregnanes pregnenolone sulfate (PS), epipregnanolone, and isopregnanolone (sepranolone), the androstanes dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA; prasterone), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S; prasterone sulfate), and the cholestane 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (NMDA receptor-selective; very potent). | ||
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*<scene name='89/896619/Cv/6'>Pregnanolone binding site is situated between 2 monomers</scene>. | *<scene name='89/896619/Cv/6'>Pregnanolone binding site is situated between 2 monomers</scene>. | ||
'''Mixed''' | |||
Cholesterol: cholest-5-en-3β-ol – NMDA receptor positive allosteric modulator, possible GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator, many other actions[13][14][15] | |||
Epipregnanolone sulfate: 5β-pregnan-3β-ol-20-one 3β-sulfate – GABAA and NMDA receptor negative allosteric modulator, Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 3 (TRPM3) agonist. | |||
'''[[Pheromones]]''' | |||
Pheromones are neurosteroids that influence brain activity, notably hypothalamic function, via activation of vomeronasal receptor cells. | |||
They include the androstanes androstadienol, androstadienone, androstenol ([[1xnx]]), and androstenone and the estrane estratetraenol. | |||
==[[Secosteroids]] (open-ring steroids)== | ==[[Secosteroids]] (open-ring steroids)== | ||
