Sandbox Reserved 1650: Difference between revisions

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== Synthesis <ref> https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(87)90403-7</ref><ref>DOI 11581009</ref> <ref> https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb11466.x</ref><ref>DOI 11479128</ref><ref> https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(82)80346-3</ref><ref>DOI 3016640</ref> ==
== Synthesis <ref>PMID: 3681978</ref><ref>DOI 11581009</ref> <ref>PMID: 3595599</ref><ref>DOI 11479128</ref><ref>PMID: 6895876</ref><ref>DOI 3016640</ref> ==
=== Role and composition of the thyroid gland ===
=== Role and composition of the thyroid gland ===
The thyroid gland is an endocrine organ located in the neck that secretes thyroid hormones into the bloodstream. Among them, T4 and T3 are involved in the growth, development and regulation of the metabolism of vertebrates.
The thyroid gland is an endocrine organ located in the neck that secretes thyroid hormones into the bloodstream. Among them, T4 and T3 are involved in the growth, development and regulation of the metabolism of vertebrates.
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Once iodization and coupling have been performed, endocytosis of the colloid to the lysosome occurs. The <scene name='86/868183/Full_tg/2'>TG</scene> is proteolyzed by cathepsin proteases<ref>DOI 1939080</ref> and 7 TH are thus released from 14 mono- or di iodinated tyrosines.
Once iodization and coupling have been performed, endocytosis of the colloid to the lysosome occurs. The <scene name='86/868183/Full_tg/2'>TG</scene> is proteolyzed by cathepsin proteases<ref>DOI 1939080</ref> and 7 TH are thus released from 14 mono- or di iodinated tyrosines.
   
   
The hormone synthesis function of TG is thus particularly linked to its structure. Moreover, research shows that denaturation or a simple modification of its conformation prevents the formation of TH <ref>DOI 10.1016/0005-2795(73)90365-6</ref><ref>DOI 456595</ref>.
The hormone synthesis function of TG is thus particularly linked to its structure. Moreover, research shows that denaturation or a simple modification of its conformation prevents the formation of TH <ref>PMID:4710237</ref><ref>DOI 456595</ref>.


==== Control ====
==== Control ====
The synthesis of TH from TG is stimulated by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secreted by the pituitary gland, a gland of the brain. When the TSH receptor is activated, glycosylations leading to the mono iodination of tyrosines promote the synthesis of T3<ref>DOI  3182849</ref><ref>DI 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)46037-1</ref>.
The synthesis of TH from TG is stimulated by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secreted by the pituitary gland, a gland of the brain. When the TSH receptor is activated, glycosylations leading to the mono iodination of tyrosines promote the synthesis of T3<ref>DOI  3182849</ref><ref>PMID: 1370485</ref>.
On the other hand, if the amount of hormones is too high, a negative feedback is exerted on this process while a small amount of these hormones exerts a positive feedback.
On the other hand, if the amount of hormones is too high, a negative feedback is exerted on this process while a small amount of these hormones exerts a positive feedback.


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The complex and particularly stable structure of <scene name='86/868183/Full_tg/2'>TG</scene> gives it iodide reservoir properties. Indeed, all iodinated but non-hormonoid tyrosines are useful for iodine storage in the thyroid gland.  
The complex and particularly stable structure of <scene name='86/868183/Full_tg/2'>TG</scene> gives it iodide reservoir properties. Indeed, all iodinated but non-hormonoid tyrosines are useful for iodine storage in the thyroid gland.  


== Interest in the medical field<ref>DOI 17614775</ref><ref>DOI 12721190</ref><ref>DOI 24147207</ref><ref>DOI 11788684</ref><ref>DOI 17201802</ref><ref>DOI 10.1677/ERC-10-0292</ref><ref>DOI 5773064</ref><ref>DOI 3681445</ref><ref>DOI 12089177</ref><ref>DOI 21134539</ref><ref>DOI 6814409</ref><ref>DOI 29984794</ref><ref>DOI 21649472</ref><ref>DOI 28593684</ref><ref>DOI 29246752</ref><ref>DOI : 10.1001/jama.1979.03290350043022</ref> ==
== Interest in the medical field<ref>DOI 17614775</ref><ref>DOI 12721190</ref><ref>DOI 24147207</ref><ref>DOI 11788684</ref><ref>DOI 17201802</ref><ref>DOI 10.1677/ERC-10-0292</ref><ref>DOI 5773064</ref><ref>DOI 3681445</ref><ref>DOI 12089177</ref><ref>DOI 21134539</ref><ref>DOI 6814409</ref><ref>DOI 29984794</ref><ref>DOI 21649472</ref><ref>DOI 28593684</ref><ref>DOI 29246752</ref><ref>PMID: 762873</ref><ref>DOI 26595189</ref> ==
=== Modification of the TG quantity related to the desease ===
=== Modification of the TG quantity related to the desease ===
A healthy subject has between 5 and 25 µg of TG per liter of blood. In case of thyroid dysfunction, this level may increase or decrease. For example, it decreases in the case of congenital athyreosis (insufficiency of the thyroid gland) or prior to a miscarriage due to the presence of anti-TG antibodies, but increases in the case of cancer, thyroiditis, inflammation of the thyroid or autoimmune thyroid diseases AITD (Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis).
A healthy subject has between 5 and 25 µg of TG per liter of blood. In case of thyroid dysfunction, this level may increase or decrease. For example, it decreases in the case of congenital athyreosis (insufficiency of the thyroid gland) or prior to a miscarriage due to the presence of anti-TG antibodies, but increases in the case of cancer, thyroiditis, inflammation of the thyroid or autoimmune thyroid diseases AITD (Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis).
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== References ==
== References ==
<references/>
<references/>
<ref>DOI 26595189</ref>
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