Sandbox Reserved 1705: Difference between revisions

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== Introduction ==

[[Image:ALK_Domain_Outline.png|350 px|right|thumb|Figure 1. Outline of the domains and regions of anaplastic lymphoma kinase]]

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase receptor tyrosine kinase] (RTK) important to the regulation of functions within the central nervous system <ref name="Reshetnyak">PMID:34819673</ref>. RTKs are the high-affinity cell surface receptors for many polypeptide growth factors, cytokines, and hormones. ALK activates pathways that promote cell growth and proliferation, similar to the Insulin Receptor. These pathways include, but are not limited to, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPK/ERK_pathway ERK], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAK-STAT_signaling_pathway JAK], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PI3K/AKT/mTOR_pathway PI3K] pathways. ALK is composed of two identical monomers consisting of seven unique domains and two intermixed regions. One region to note is the glycine-rich region which is highly uncharacteristic in that it has helices composed of only glycine. The preferred ligand for binding is AUG which binds in a dimeric fashion to ALK. When the ligand has bound, there is a conformational change that is covered in more detail in Figure 2 and it's accompanying text. In order to determine the atomic details of human ALK dimerization and activation by AUG, the methods of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_electron_microscopy cryo-electron microscopy],[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography X-ray crystallography] were utilized <ref name="Reshetnyak">PMID:34819673</ref> . Anaplastic lymphoma kinase is a proto-oncogene with mutations associated with various types of cancers, including non-small-cell lung cancer, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and inflammatory myofibroblastic cancer <ref name="Palmer">PMID:19459784</ref>. ALK is a referred to as a proto-oncogene because certain mutations in it's protein sequence are known to have a strong positive association with the development of cancerous cells.

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase receptor tyrosine kinase] (RTK) important to the regulation of functions within the central nervous system <ref name="Reshetnyak">PMID:34819673</ref>. RTKs are the high-affinity cell surface receptors for many polypeptide growth factors, cytokines, and hormones. ALK activates pathways that promote cell growth and proliferation, similar to the [[Insulin Receptor|Insulin Receptor (IR)]]. These pathways include, but are not limited to, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPK/ERK_pathway ERK], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAK-STAT_signaling_pathway JAK], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PI3K/AKT/mTOR_pathway PI3K] pathways. ALK is composed of two identical monomers consisting of seven unique domains and two intermixed regions. One region to note is the glycine-rich region which is highly uncharacteristic in that it has helices composed of only glycine. The preferred ligand for binding is AUG which binds in a dimeric fashion to ALK. When the ligand has bound, there is a conformational change that is covered in more detail in Figure 2 and it's accompanying text. In order to determine the atomic details of human ALK dimerization and activation by AUG, the methods of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_electron_microscopy cryo-electron microscopy],[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography X-ray crystallography] were utilized <ref name="Reshetnyak">PMID:34819673</ref> . Anaplastic lymphoma kinase is a proto-oncogene with mutations associated with various types of cancers, including non-small-cell lung cancer, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and inflammatory myofibroblastic cancer <ref name="Palmer">PMID:19459784</ref>. ALK is a referred to as a proto-oncogene because certain mutations in it's protein sequence are known to have a strong positive association with the development of cancerous cells.

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 == Introduction ==
 [[Image:ALK_Domain_Outline.png|350 px|right|thumb|Figure 1. Outline of the domains and regions of anaplastic lymphoma kinase]]
-Anaplastic lymphoma kinase is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase receptor tyrosine kinase] (RTK) important to the regulation of functions within the central nervous system <ref name="Reshetnyak">PMID:34819673</ref>. RTKs are the high-affinity cell surface receptors for many polypeptide growth factors, cytokines, and hormones. ALK activates pathways that promote cell growth and proliferation, similar to the Insulin Receptor. These pathways include, but are not limited to, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPK/ERK_pathway ERK], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAK-STAT_signaling_pathway JAK], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PI3K/AKT/mTOR_pathway PI3K] pathways. ALK is composed of two identical monomers consisting of seven unique domains and two intermixed regions. One region to note is the glycine-rich region which is highly uncharacteristic in that it has helices composed of only glycine. The preferred ligand for binding is AUG which binds in a dimeric fashion to ALK. When the ligand has bound, there is a conformational change that is covered in more detail in Figure 2 and it's accompanying text.  In order to determine the atomic details of human ALK dimerization and activation by AUG, the methods of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_electron_microscopy cryo-electron microscopy],[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography X-ray crystallography] were utilized <ref name="Reshetnyak">PMID:34819673</ref> . Anaplastic lymphoma kinase is a proto-oncogene with mutations associated with various types of cancers, including non-small-cell lung cancer, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and inflammatory myofibroblastic cancer <ref name="Palmer">PMID:19459784</ref>. ALK is a referred to as a proto-oncogene because certain mutations in it's protein sequence are known to have a strong positive association with the development of cancerous cells.
+Anaplastic lymphoma kinase is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase receptor tyrosine kinase] (RTK) important to the regulation of functions within the central nervous system <ref name="Reshetnyak">PMID:34819673</ref>. RTKs are the high-affinity cell surface receptors for many polypeptide growth factors, cytokines, and hormones. ALK activates pathways that promote cell growth and proliferation, similar to the [[Insulin Receptor|Insulin Receptor (IR)]]. These pathways include, but are not limited to, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPK/ERK_pathway ERK], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAK-STAT_signaling_pathway JAK], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PI3K/AKT/mTOR_pathway PI3K] pathways. ALK is composed of two identical monomers consisting of seven unique domains and two intermixed regions. One region to note is the glycine-rich region which is highly uncharacteristic in that it has helices composed of only glycine. The preferred ligand for binding is AUG which binds in a dimeric fashion to ALK. When the ligand has bound, there is a conformational change that is covered in more detail in Figure 2 and it's accompanying text.  In order to determine the atomic details of human ALK dimerization and activation by AUG, the methods of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_electron_microscopy cryo-electron microscopy],[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography X-ray crystallography] were utilized <ref name="Reshetnyak">PMID:34819673</ref> . Anaplastic lymphoma kinase is a proto-oncogene with mutations associated with various types of cancers, including non-small-cell lung cancer, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and inflammatory myofibroblastic cancer <ref name="Palmer">PMID:19459784</ref>. ALK is a referred to as a proto-oncogene because certain mutations in it's protein sequence are known to have a strong positive association with the development of cancerous cells.