Sandbox Reserved 1700: Difference between revisions
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== Background == | == Background == | ||
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor GCPR]’s or G-Protein Coupled Receptors are a large family of protein receptors that promote cellular signaling and signal transduction <ref name= “Tuteja”>PMID: 19826234</ref>. GPCRs transmit extracellular signals to intracellular messages. Many essential pathways utilize GPCRs, including human vision by the GPCR [https://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/Rhodopsin Rhodopsin], and the adrenaline fight-or-flight response by the [https://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/Beta2_adrenergic_receptor-Gs_protein_complex_updated β2-adrenoceptor GPCR]. Understanding GPCR’s and how they produce their desired intracellular signal is essential to studying essential cellular pathways, especially in their diseased states. GCPRs are common drug targets, with 475 drugs acting on over 100 GPCRs. An additional 300 drugs are in clinical trial stages, and 20% of those drugs are targeting novel GPCRs <ref name="Hauser">PMID:29075003</ref>. Because of the clinical relevance of GPCRs, new structures provide new avenues for drug development to both treat disease or modulate the harmful side effects. | |||
Some cells in the human body that express the MRGPRX2 receptor include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_cell mast cells] in the skin, intestines, and trachea <ref name="Porebski">PMID:30619367</ref><ref name="Dondalska">PMID: 33101278</ref>. Mast cells are immune cells responsible for triggering inflammatory responses and are densely packed with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granule_(cell_biology) granules] containing inflammatory chemicals, such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine histamine]<ref name= "Dondalska" /> and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heparin heparin]. Mast cells can be activated by either [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody antibodies] from the immune response or upon ligands binding to MRGPRX2 receptors on their surface<ref name="McNeil">PMID: 25517090</ref>. Upon activation, mast cells will release histamine-containing granules which can trigger a larger inflammatory response <ref name= "Dondalska" /><ref name="McNeil" />. These responses induce common allergic reaction or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxisanaphylaxis] symptoms, such as cutaneous itching sensations or airway constriction<ref name= "Cao" /><ref name= "Yang" /><ref name="McNeil">PMID: 25517090</ref>. | Some cells in the human body that express the MRGPRX2 receptor include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_cell mast cells] in the skin, intestines, and trachea <ref name="Porebski">PMID:30619367</ref><ref name="Dondalska">PMID: 33101278</ref>. Mast cells are immune cells responsible for triggering inflammatory responses and are densely packed with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granule_(cell_biology) granules] containing inflammatory chemicals, such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine histamine]<ref name= "Dondalska" /> and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heparin heparin]. Mast cells can be activated by either [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody antibodies] from the immune response or upon ligands binding to MRGPRX2 receptors on their surface<ref name="McNeil">PMID: 25517090</ref>. Upon activation, mast cells will release histamine-containing granules which can trigger a larger inflammatory response <ref name= "Dondalska" /><ref name="McNeil" />. These responses induce common allergic reaction or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxisanaphylaxis] symptoms, such as cutaneous itching sensations or airway constriction<ref name= "Cao" /><ref name= "Yang" /><ref name="McNeil">PMID: 25517090</ref>. | ||
