Introduction
Sodium-taurocholate Co-transporting Polypeptide (NTCP) is a transmembrane protein found in hepatocytes, and its primary role is to facilitate the transport of bile salts into hepatocytes from the bloodstream. 90% of human bile salts are recycled daily, so the function of NTCP is critical in providing bile salts to solubilize fats for digestion. NTCP also serves as a receptor for Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis D (HDV) viruses.
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Structure
Structures were determined by cryogenic electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) of NTCP in complex with antibodies or nanobodies, revealing two key conformations in NTCP's transport mechanism. There are nine transmembrane alpha helices traversing the plasma membrane, with the N-terminus located on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane and the C-terminus located on the intracellular side. The panel domain is formed by transmembrane helices TM1, TM5, and TM6. The core domain is formed by the packing of a helix bundle consisting of TM2, TM3, and TM4 with another helix bundle consisting of TM7, TM8, and TM9. The two helix bundles are related by pseudo two-fold symmetry. Transmembrane helices are connected by short loops as well as extracellular and intracellular alpha helices that lie nearly parallel to the membrane.
Domains
NTCP contains two characteristic domains: the core and panel domains. Movement of these two domains allows recognition and transport of bile salts into hepatocytes.
- Panel Domain: 1-44, 155-208
- Core domain: 45-154, 209-309
Proline/Glycine Hinge
Glycine and proline residues in the connecting loops and extra- and intracellular helices act as hinges in the mechanism of bile salt uptake. The flexibility allows separation of the core and panel domains, creating a pore open to the extracellular space and exposing critical Na+ binding sites. Once substrate binds the open-pore state, this hinge allows transition to close this pore relative to the extracellular side and open to the cytoplasmic side, thus allowing release of substrate into the cell.
Sodium Binding Sites
Significant Residues
The vast majority of residues involved in bile salt uptake are also involved in HBV/HDV infection. Residues 84-87 of Human NTCP have been shown to be vital for preS1 domain recognition along with bile salt uptake. Residues 157-165 (INSERT GREEN LINK) have also been shown to be vital for preS1 recognition and bile salt uptake. Altering residues in either of these two sections hinders preS1 binding and therefore HBV/HDV infection. However, these mutations also prevent bile salt uptake.
Function
Mechanism of Bile Salt Uptake
Bile salts recognize and bind to the open-pore state. After binding, bile salts pass through the amphipathic pore (INSERT BLUE LINK) and NTCP transitions into the inward facing state. In this conformation, the pore closes off relative to the extracellular side and opens to the cytoplasmic side. Transition to the inward facing state allows release of bile salts and sodium ions. It is not yet known how this transition exactly proceeds.
Mechanism of HBV/HDV Infection
HBV and HDV viruses infect are transported through NTCP via secondary active transport. After binding to NTCP, the viruses remain bound until low bile salt levels in the blood shift equilibria enough that endocytosis of NTCP occurs. Once in the cell, the viruses dissociate and infect. The exact mechanism of how HBV and HDV bind to NTCP is not certain, although two critical sites have been identified on NTCP: residues 84-87 and 157-165. Additionally, it has been shown that myristoylation (INSERT BLUE LINK) of the HBV/HDV capsid is vital for recognition by NTCP, as well as residues 8-17 on HBV/HDV (sequence: NPLGFFPDHQ). (INSERT CITING) has proposed two mechanisms for how HBV/HDV binds to NTCP. The first proposes binding of the myristoyl group to the host cell membrane, while residues 8-17 interact with NTCP residues 157-165. The second proposes binding of the myristoyl group with residues 157-165 in the pore.
Medical Relevance
- ↑ Park JH, Iwamoto M, Yun JH, Uchikubo-Kamo T, Son D, Jin Z, Yoshida H, Ohki M, Ishimoto N, Mizutani K, Oshima M, Muramatsu M, Wakita T, Shirouzu M, Liu K, Uemura T, Nomura N, Iwata S, Watashi K, Tame JRH, Nishizawa T, Lee W, Park SY. Structural insights into the HBV receptor and bile acid transporter NTCP. Nature. 2022 Jun;606(7916):1027-1031. PMID:35580630 doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04857-0
- ↑ Goutam K, Ielasi FS, Pardon E, Steyaert J, Reyes N. Structural basis of sodium-dependent bile salt uptake into the liver. Nature. 2022 Jun;606(7916):1015-1020. PMID:35545671 doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04723-z
- ↑ Liu H, Irobalieva RN, Bang-Sørensen R, Nosol K, Mukherjee S, Agrawal P, Stieger B, Kossiakoff AA, Locher KP. Structure of human NTCP reveals the basis of recognition and sodium-driven transport of bile salts into the liver. Cell Res. 2022 Aug;32(8):773-776. PMID:35726088 doi:10.1038/s41422-022-00680-4
- ↑ Asami J, Kimura KT, Fujita-Fujiharu Y, Ishida H, Zhang Z, Nomura Y, Liu K, Uemura T, Sato Y, Ono M, Yamamoto M, Noda T, Shigematsu H, Drew D, Iwata S, Shimizu T, Nomura N, Ohto U. Structure of the bile acid transporter and HBV receptor NTCP. Nature. 2022 Jun;606(7916):1021-1026. PMID:35580629 doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04845-4
- ↑ Qi X, Li W. Unlocking the secrets to human NTCP structure. Innovation (Camb). 2022 Aug 1;3(5):100294. PMID:36032196 doi:10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100294
