Sandbox Reserved 1771: Difference between revisions

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===Antigen Binding Site===

[[Image:B cell diagram.jpg| 250 px| thumb|right|'''Figure 1.''' Overview of the human B Cell Receptor and its structural components. Used with permission under Wikimedia Commons.]]

The binding of an antigen to the human B Cell receptor is identical to other common soluble antibodies (such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G IgG], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_A IgA], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_M IgM], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E IgE], or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_D IgD]). The antibody portion of the B Cell Receptor is roughly "Y" shaped and consists of two identical <scene name='95/952701/Heavy_chains_highlight/2'>heavy</scene> and two identical <scene name='95/952701/Light_chains_highlight/3'>light</scene> chains creating two similar epitope or binding regions<Ref name="Janeway CA">Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. </Ref>. Thus, two antigen molecules can bind independent of one another to produce a response. Within this structure, there are both constant and variable regions. The stem of the "Y" is a <scene name='95/952701/Constant_stem/1'>constant region</scene> ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody#CDRs,_Fv,_Fab_and_Fc_Regions Fc]) composed of only heavy chain interactions<Ref name="Janeway CA">Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. </Ref>. The two heavy chains then branch at a flexible <scene name='95/952701/Hinge/1'>hinge region</scene>. These interact individually with one light chain creating two [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody#CDRs,_Fv,_Fab_and_Fc_Regions Fab] fragments or branches of the "Y"<Ref name="Janeway CA">Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. </Ref>. Each <scene name='95/952701/Fab/1'>Fab fragment</scene> additionally contains a <scene name='95/952701/Fv_region/1'>variable region</scene> ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody#CDRs,_Fv,_Fab_and_Fc_Regions Fv]) and a <scene name='95/952701/Fab_constant/1'>constant region</scene><Ref name="Janeway CA">Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. </Ref>. The variable region sits on top of the constant region and consists of hyper-variable loops which are random coils of amino acids that are unique to an antibody and exposed to allow specific recognition of an antigen<Ref name="Janeway CA">Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. </Ref>. Furthermore, the light chains interact with the heavy chains via weak intermolecular forces and disulfide bridges<Ref name="Janeway CA">Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. </Ref>. Therefore, binding to an antigen is processed through intermolecular interactions and is specific due to unique hyper variable loop sequences.

The binding of an antigen to the human B Cell receptor is identical to other common soluble antibodies (such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G IgG], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_A IgA], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_M IgM], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E IgE], or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_D IgD]). The antibody portion of the B Cell Receptor is roughly "Y" shaped and consists of two identical <scene name='95/952701/Heavy_chains_highlight/2'>heavy</scene> and two identical <scene name='95/952701/Light_chains_highlight/3'>light</scene> chains creating two similar epitope or binding regions<Ref name="Janeway CA">Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. </Ref> (figure 1). Thus, two antigen molecules can bind independent of one another to produce a response. Within this structure, there are both constant and variable regions. The stem of the "Y" is a <scene name='95/952701/Constant_stem/1'>constant region</scene> ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody#CDRs,_Fv,_Fab_and_Fc_Regions Fc]) composed of only heavy chain interactions<Ref name="Janeway CA">Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. </Ref>. The two heavy chains then branch at a flexible <scene name='95/952701/Hinge/1'>hinge region</scene>. These interact individually with one light chain creating two [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody#CDRs,_Fv,_Fab_and_Fc_Regions Fab] fragments or branches of the "Y"<Ref name="Janeway CA">Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. </Ref>. Each <scene name='95/952701/Fab/1'>Fab fragment</scene> additionally contains a <scene name='95/952701/Fv_region/1'>variable region</scene> ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody#CDRs,_Fv,_Fab_and_Fc_Regions Fv]) and a <scene name='95/952701/Fab_constant/1'>constant region</scene><Ref name="Janeway CA">Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. </Ref>. The variable region sits on top of the constant region and consists of hyper-variable loops which are random coils of amino acids that are unique to an antibody and exposed to allow specific recognition of an antigen<Ref name="Janeway CA">Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. </Ref>. Furthermore, the light chains interact with the heavy chains via weak intermolecular forces and disulfide bridges<Ref name="Janeway CA">Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. </Ref>. Therefore, binding to an antigen is processed through intermolecular interactions and is specific due to unique hyper variable loop sequences.

===Fc and α/β Interactions===

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@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 ===Antigen Binding Site===
 [[Image:B cell diagram.jpg| 250 px| thumb|right|'''Figure 1.''' Overview of the human B Cell Receptor and its structural components. Used with permission under Wikimedia Commons.]]
-The binding of an antigen to the human B Cell receptor is identical to other common soluble antibodies (such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G IgG], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_A IgA], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_M IgM], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E IgE], or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_D IgD]). The antibody portion of the B Cell Receptor is roughly "Y" shaped and consists of two identical <scene name='95/952701/Heavy_chains_highlight/2'>heavy</scene> and two identical <scene name='95/952701/Light_chains_highlight/3'>light</scene> chains creating two similar epitope or binding regions<Ref name="Janeway CA">Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. </Ref>. Thus, two antigen molecules can bind independent of one another to produce a response. Within this structure, there are both constant and variable regions. The stem of the "Y" is a <scene name='95/952701/Constant_stem/1'>constant region</scene> ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody#CDRs,_Fv,_Fab_and_Fc_Regions Fc]) composed of only heavy chain interactions<Ref name="Janeway CA">Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. </Ref>. The two heavy chains then branch at a flexible <scene name='95/952701/Hinge/1'>hinge region</scene>. These interact individually with one light chain creating two [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody#CDRs,_Fv,_Fab_and_Fc_Regions Fab] fragments or branches of the "Y"<Ref name="Janeway CA">Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. </Ref>. Each <scene name='95/952701/Fab/1'>Fab fragment</scene> additionally contains a <scene name='95/952701/Fv_region/1'>variable region</scene> ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody#CDRs,_Fv,_Fab_and_Fc_Regions Fv]) and a <scene name='95/952701/Fab_constant/1'>constant region</scene><Ref name="Janeway CA">Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. </Ref>. The variable region sits on top of the constant region and consists of hyper-variable loops which are random coils of amino acids that are unique to an antibody and exposed to allow specific recognition of an antigen<Ref name="Janeway CA">Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. </Ref>. Furthermore, the light chains interact with the heavy chains via weak intermolecular forces and disulfide bridges<Ref name="Janeway CA">Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. </Ref>. Therefore, binding to an antigen is processed through intermolecular interactions and is specific due to unique hyper variable loop sequences.
+The binding of an antigen to the human B Cell receptor is identical to other common soluble antibodies (such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G IgG], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_A IgA], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_M IgM], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E IgE], or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_D IgD]). The antibody portion of the B Cell Receptor is roughly "Y" shaped and consists of two identical <scene name='95/952701/Heavy_chains_highlight/2'>heavy</scene> and two identical <scene name='95/952701/Light_chains_highlight/3'>light</scene> chains creating two similar epitope or binding regions<Ref name="Janeway CA">Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. </Ref> (figure 1). Thus, two antigen molecules can bind independent of one another to produce a response. Within this structure, there are both constant and variable regions. The stem of the "Y" is a <scene name='95/952701/Constant_stem/1'>constant region</scene> ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody#CDRs,_Fv,_Fab_and_Fc_Regions Fc]) composed of only heavy chain interactions<Ref name="Janeway CA">Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. </Ref>. The two heavy chains then branch at a flexible <scene name='95/952701/Hinge/1'>hinge region</scene>. These interact individually with one light chain creating two [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody#CDRs,_Fv,_Fab_and_Fc_Regions Fab] fragments or branches of the "Y"<Ref name="Janeway CA">Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. </Ref>. Each <scene name='95/952701/Fab/1'>Fab fragment</scene> additionally contains a <scene name='95/952701/Fv_region/1'>variable region</scene> ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody#CDRs,_Fv,_Fab_and_Fc_Regions Fv]) and a <scene name='95/952701/Fab_constant/1'>constant region</scene><Ref name="Janeway CA">Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. </Ref>. The variable region sits on top of the constant region and consists of hyper-variable loops which are random coils of amino acids that are unique to an antibody and exposed to allow specific recognition of an antigen<Ref name="Janeway CA">Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. </Ref>. Furthermore, the light chains interact with the heavy chains via weak intermolecular forces and disulfide bridges<Ref name="Janeway CA">Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2001. </Ref>. Therefore, binding to an antigen is processed through intermolecular interactions and is specific due to unique hyper variable loop sequences.
 ===Fc and α/β Interactions===