Sandbox Reserved 1771: Difference between revisions
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===Transmembrane Interactions=== | ===Transmembrane Interactions=== | ||
Many transmembrane interactions can be found within a IgM B-cell receptor. The <scene name='95/952699/Transmembrane_region/1'>α and β subunits</scene> have numerous interactions that keep them associated with each other. An overview of all residue interactions can be found <scene name='95/952699/Overview_hbonds_fixed/2'>here</scene> (highlighted in green). At a cellular pH, various amino acid residues found in the transmembrane region are charged as well, which strengthens the overall interaction. For example, <scene name='95/952699/N155_e138_hbonds_fixed/2'>a hydrogen bond</scene> between residues N155 and E138, along with numerous other hydrogen bonds, works to stabilize the α-β chain interactions. Further down the chains, <scene name='95/952699/T166_e148_hbonds_fixed/3'>interactions</scene> between residues T166 and E148 also have strong hydrogen bonding. Overall, these hydrogen bonds and ion interactions work to maintain the association of the α-β chains. | Many transmembrane interactions can be found within a IgM B-cell receptor. The <scene name='95/952699/Transmembrane_region/1'>α and β subunits</scene> have numerous interactions that keep them associated with each other. An overview of all residue interactions can be found <scene name='95/952699/Overview_hbonds_fixed/2'>here</scene> (highlighted in green). At a cellular pH, various amino acid residues found in the transmembrane region are charged as well, which strengthens the overall interaction. For example, <scene name='95/952699/N155_e138_hbonds_fixed/2'>a hydrogen bond</scene> between residues N155 and E138, along with numerous other hydrogen bonds, works to stabilize the α-β chain interactions. Further down the chains, <scene name='95/952699/T166_e148_hbonds_fixed/3'>interactions</scene> between residues T166 and E148 also have strong hydrogen bonding. Overall, these hydrogen bonds and ion interactions work to maintain the association of the α-β chains. | ||
==Medical Relevancy== | ==Medical Relevancy== | ||
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===Therapeutics=== | ===Therapeutics=== | ||
Current approaches to treatments of these autoimmune diseases include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy replacement] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppression immunosuppressive] therapies <Ref name="Chandrashekara S">Chandrashekara S. The treatment strategies of autoimmune disease may need a different approach from conventional protocol: a review. Indian J Pharmacol. 2012 Nov-Dec;44(6):665-71. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.103235. PMID: 23248391; PMCID: PMC3523489. </Ref>. Replacement therapy consists of the supplementation of important biological hormones or molecules that are reduced from disease. Immunosuppressive therapies instead treat disease symptoms to prevent further organ damage <Ref name="Chandrashekara S">Chandrashekara S. The treatment strategies of autoimmune disease may need a different approach from conventional protocol: a review. Indian J Pharmacol. 2012 Nov-Dec;44(6):665-71. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.103235. PMID: 23248391; PMCID: PMC3523489. </Ref>. Immunosuppressive therapies include drugs that suppress the immune system response as well as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-inflammatory anti-inflammatory] drugs. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy Gene therapy] has also been studied as another therapeutic avenue. In gene therapy, cells express specific genes for the regulation of proinflammatory molecules or reduction of immune cells to the site of disease <Ref name="Shu SA">Shu SA, Wang J, Tao MH, Leung PS. Gene Therapy for Autoimmune Disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2015 Oct;49(2):163-76. doi: 10.1007/s12016-014-8451-x. PMID: 25277817. </Ref>. Currently, the majority of treatments for autoimmune diseases aim to improve the quality of life and reduce symptoms as there has not yet been an established cure. | Current approaches to treatments of these autoimmune diseases include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy replacement] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppression immunosuppressive] therapies <Ref name="Chandrashekara S">Chandrashekara S. The treatment strategies of autoimmune disease may need a different approach from conventional protocol: a review. Indian J Pharmacol. 2012 Nov-Dec;44(6):665-71. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.103235. PMID: 23248391; PMCID: PMC3523489. </Ref>. Replacement therapy consists of the supplementation of important biological hormones or molecules that are reduced from disease. Immunosuppressive therapies instead treat disease symptoms to prevent further organ damage <Ref name="Chandrashekara S">Chandrashekara S. The treatment strategies of autoimmune disease may need a different approach from conventional protocol: a review. Indian J Pharmacol. 2012 Nov-Dec;44(6):665-71. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.103235. PMID: 23248391; PMCID: PMC3523489. </Ref>. Immunosuppressive therapies include drugs that suppress the immune system response as well as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-inflammatory anti-inflammatory] drugs. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy Gene therapy] has also been studied as another therapeutic avenue. In gene therapy, cells express specific genes for the regulation of proinflammatory molecules or reduction of immune cells to the site of disease <Ref name="Shu SA">Shu SA, Wang J, Tao MH, Leung PS. Gene Therapy for Autoimmune Disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2015 Oct;49(2):163-76. doi: 10.1007/s12016-014-8451-x. PMID: 25277817. </Ref>. Currently, the majority of treatments for autoimmune diseases aim to improve the quality of life and reduce symptoms as there has not yet been an established cure. | ||
</StructureSection> | |||
