Sandbox Reserved 1771: Difference between revisions

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==Structure Summary==

The BCR complex is anchored to the membrane through its transmembrane region and its interactions. Upon antigen binding, the BCR will undergo a unique structural conformation change that will allow transmission of the signal through the extracellular regions and the cell membrane to elicit an intracellular response. Interaction with a foreign antigen occurs at hyper-variable loop regions and causes the separation of Fab fragments ~~(citation)~~. This structural, conformational change will be transmitted through the heavy chains to the interface of heavy chain 1 and the Iga/ Igb complex. The signal will then be carried through the Iga/ Igb complex past the membrane and into the cell from a shifting of interactions and overall conformational change due to binding. This will trigger intracellular signaling that will elicit subsequent production of free antibodies to recognize and target the foreign antigen. Therefore, any improper functioning of one of these regions will lead to improper functioning of the BCR and lessen the immune response as a whole.

The BCR complex is anchored to the membrane through its transmembrane region and its interactions. Upon antigen binding, the BCR will undergo a unique structural conformation change that will allow transmission of the signal through the extracellular regions and the cell membrane to elicit an intracellular response. Interaction with a foreign antigen occurs at hyper-variable loop regions and causes the separation of Fab fragments <Ref name="Shen Z">Zhixun Shen, Sichen Liu, Xinxin Li, Zhengpeng Wan, Youxiang Mao, Chunlai Chen, Wanli Liu. July 2019. Conformational change within the extracellular domain of B cell receptor in B cell activation upon antigen binding. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42271. </Ref>. This structural, conformational change will be transmitted through the heavy chains to the interface of heavy chain 1 and the Iga/ Igb complex. The signal will then be carried through the Iga/ Igb complex past the membrane and into the cell from a shifting of interactions and overall conformational change due to binding <Ref name="Shen Z">Zhixun Shen, Sichen Liu, Xinxin Li, Zhengpeng Wan, Youxiang Mao, Chunlai Chen, Wanli Liu. July 2019. Conformational change within the extracellular domain of B cell receptor in B cell activation upon antigen binding. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42271. </Ref>. This will trigger intracellular signaling that will elicit subsequent production of free antibodies to recognize and target the foreign antigen. Therefore, any improper functioning of one of these regions will lead to improper functioning of the BCR and lessen the immune response as a whole.

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===Therapeutics===

Current approaches to treatments of these autoimmune diseases include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy replacement] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppression immunosuppressive] therapies <Ref name="Chandrashekara S">Chandrashekara S. The treatment strategies of autoimmune disease may need a different approach from conventional protocol: a review. Indian J Pharmacol. 2012 Nov-Dec;44(6):665-71. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.103235. PMID: 23248391; PMCID: PMC3523489. </Ref>. Replacement therapy consists of the supplementation of important biological hormones or molecules that are reduced from disease. Immunosuppressive therapies instead treat disease symptoms to prevent further organ damage <Ref name="Chandrashekara S">Chandrashekara S. The treatment strategies of autoimmune disease may need a different approach from conventional protocol: a review. Indian J Pharmacol. 2012 Nov-Dec;44(6):665-71. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.103235. PMID: 23248391; PMCID: PMC3523489. </Ref>. Immunosuppressive therapies include drugs that suppress the immune system response as well as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-inflammatory anti-inflammatory] drugs. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy Gene therapy] has also been studied as another therapeutic avenue. In gene therapy, cells express specific genes for the regulation of proinflammatory molecules or reduction of immune cells to the site of disease <Ref name="Shu SA">Shu SA, Wang J, Tao MH, Leung PS. Gene Therapy for Autoimmune Disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2015 Oct;49(2):163-76. doi: 10.1007/s12016-014-8451-x. PMID: 25277817. </Ref>. Currently, the majority of treatments for autoimmune diseases aim to improve the quality of life and reduce symptoms as there has not yet been an established cure.

Current approaches to treatments of these autoimmune diseases include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy replacement] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppression immunosuppressive] therapies <Ref name="Chandrashekara S">Chandrashekara S. The treatment strategies of autoimmune disease may need a different approach from conventional protocol: a review. Indian J Pharmacol. 2012 Nov-Dec;44(6):665-71. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.103235. PMID: 23248391; PMCID: PMC3523489. </Ref>. Replacement therapy consists of the supplementation of important biological hormones (such as estrigen in Rheumatoid arthritis) or molecules (such as Vitamin D) that are reduced from disease. Immunosuppressive therapies instead treat disease symptoms to prevent further organ damage <Ref name="Chandrashekara S">Chandrashekara S. The treatment strategies of autoimmune disease may need a different approach from conventional protocol: a review. Indian J Pharmacol. 2012 Nov-Dec;44(6):665-71. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.103235. PMID: 23248391; PMCID: PMC3523489. </Ref>. Immunosuppressive therapies include drugs that suppress the immune system response as well as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-inflammatory anti-inflammatory] drugs. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy Gene therapy] has also been studied as another therapeutic avenue. In gene therapy, cells express specific genes for the regulation of proinflammatory molecules or reduction of immune cells to the site of disease <Ref name="Shu SA">Shu SA, Wang J, Tao MH, Leung PS. Gene Therapy for Autoimmune Disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2015 Oct;49(2):163-76. doi: 10.1007/s12016-014-8451-x. PMID: 25277817. </Ref>. Currently, the majority of treatments for autoimmune diseases aim to improve the quality of life and reduce symptoms as there has not yet been an established cure.

==3D structures of the BCR==

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@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 ==Structure Summary==
-The BCR complex is anchored to the membrane through its transmembrane region and its interactions. Upon antigen binding, the BCR will undergo a unique structural conformation change that will allow transmission of the signal through the extracellular regions and the cell membrane to elicit an intracellular response. Interaction with a foreign antigen occurs at hyper-variable loop regions and causes the separation of Fab fragments (citation). This structural, conformational change will be transmitted through the heavy chains to the interface of heavy chain 1 and the Iga/ Igb complex. The signal will then be carried through the Iga/ Igb complex past the membrane and into the cell from a shifting of interactions and overall conformational change due to binding. This will trigger intracellular signaling that will elicit subsequent production of free antibodies to recognize and target the foreign antigen. Therefore, any improper functioning of one of these regions will lead to improper functioning of the BCR and lessen the immune response as a whole.
+The BCR complex is anchored to the membrane through its transmembrane region and its interactions. Upon antigen binding, the BCR will undergo a unique structural conformation change that will allow transmission of the signal through the extracellular regions and the cell membrane to elicit an intracellular response. Interaction with a foreign antigen occurs at hyper-variable loop regions and causes the separation of Fab fragments <Ref name="Shen Z">Zhixun Shen, Sichen Liu, Xinxin Li, Zhengpeng Wan, Youxiang Mao, Chunlai Chen, Wanli Liu. July 2019. Conformational change within the extracellular domain of B cell receptor in B cell activation upon antigen binding. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42271. </Ref>. This structural, conformational change will be transmitted through the heavy chains to the interface of heavy chain 1 and the Iga/ Igb complex. The signal will then be carried through the Iga/ Igb complex past the membrane and into the cell from a shifting of interactions and overall conformational change due to binding <Ref name="Shen Z">Zhixun Shen, Sichen Liu, Xinxin Li, Zhengpeng Wan, Youxiang Mao, Chunlai Chen, Wanli Liu. July 2019. Conformational change within the extracellular domain of B cell receptor in B cell activation upon antigen binding. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.42271. </Ref>. This will trigger intracellular signaling that will elicit subsequent production of free antibodies to recognize and target the foreign antigen. Therefore, any improper functioning of one of these regions will lead to improper functioning of the BCR and lessen the immune response as a whole.
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 ===Therapeutics===
-Current approaches to treatments of these autoimmune diseases include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy replacement] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppression immunosuppressive] therapies <Ref name="Chandrashekara S">Chandrashekara S. The treatment strategies of autoimmune disease may need a different approach from conventional protocol: a review. Indian J Pharmacol. 2012 Nov-Dec;44(6):665-71. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.103235. PMID: 23248391; PMCID: PMC3523489. </Ref>. Replacement therapy consists of the supplementation of important biological hormones or molecules that are reduced from disease. Immunosuppressive therapies instead treat disease symptoms to prevent further organ damage <Ref name="Chandrashekara S">Chandrashekara S. The treatment strategies of autoimmune disease may need a different approach from conventional protocol: a review. Indian J Pharmacol. 2012 Nov-Dec;44(6):665-71. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.103235. PMID: 23248391; PMCID: PMC3523489. </Ref>. Immunosuppressive therapies include drugs that suppress the immune system response as well as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-inflammatory anti-inflammatory] drugs. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy Gene therapy] has also been studied as another therapeutic avenue. In gene therapy, cells express specific genes for the regulation of proinflammatory molecules or reduction of immune cells to the site of disease <Ref name="Shu SA">Shu SA, Wang J, Tao MH, Leung PS. Gene Therapy for Autoimmune Disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2015 Oct;49(2):163-76. doi: 10.1007/s12016-014-8451-x. PMID: 25277817. </Ref>. Currently, the majority of treatments for autoimmune diseases aim to improve the quality of life and reduce symptoms as there has not yet been an established cure.
+Current approaches to treatments of these autoimmune diseases include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy replacement] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppression immunosuppressive] therapies <Ref name="Chandrashekara S">Chandrashekara S. The treatment strategies of autoimmune disease may need a different approach from conventional protocol: a review. Indian J Pharmacol. 2012 Nov-Dec;44(6):665-71. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.103235. PMID: 23248391; PMCID: PMC3523489. </Ref>. Replacement therapy consists of the supplementation of important biological hormones (such as estrigen in Rheumatoid arthritis) or molecules (such as Vitamin D) that are reduced from disease. Immunosuppressive therapies instead treat disease symptoms to prevent further organ damage <Ref name="Chandrashekara S">Chandrashekara S. The treatment strategies of autoimmune disease may need a different approach from conventional protocol: a review. Indian J Pharmacol. 2012 Nov-Dec;44(6):665-71. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.103235. PMID: 23248391; PMCID: PMC3523489. </Ref>. Immunosuppressive therapies include drugs that suppress the immune system response as well as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-inflammatory anti-inflammatory] drugs. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy Gene therapy] has also been studied as another therapeutic avenue. In gene therapy, cells express specific genes for the regulation of proinflammatory molecules or reduction of immune cells to the site of disease <Ref name="Shu SA">Shu SA, Wang J, Tao MH, Leung PS. Gene Therapy for Autoimmune Disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2015 Oct;49(2):163-76. doi: 10.1007/s12016-014-8451-x. PMID: 25277817. </Ref>. Currently, the majority of treatments for autoimmune diseases aim to improve the quality of life and reduce symptoms as there has not yet been an established cure.
 ==3D structures of the BCR==