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The thyroid plays an essential role in the body's metabolism. The body's metabolism affects things like heart rate, digestion, temperature regulation, and many more things. When TSH is bound to TSHR, a signal is sent to produce T3 and T4. T4 is considered an inactive form and needs to be converted into T3 to become active. Those hormones then go impact cells in your body to increase or decrease your metabolism. The T3 and T4 hormones use a feedback system to regulate the release of TSH. When the hormone levels are high they travel through the bloodstream to prevent TSH production. When the hormones are low they are not able to continue the negative feedback loop, thus allowing TSH to be released to bind to TSHR.  

[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperthyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20373659 Hyperthyroidism] is when the thyroid is overactive which leads to upregulation of the metabolism. This overactive state can be initiated by antibodies like M22. When the M22 antibody is bound it keeps TSHR in the active conformation. When stuck in the active form, the thyroid continues to make T3 and T4, overstimulating the metabolism. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism include fast or irregular heartbeats, tiredness, increased hunger, sleep problems, enlarged thyroid gland, and sensitivity to heat. [https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/graves-disease Grave's Disease] is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. This is an autoimmune disorder that causes your body to attack the thyroid gland<ref name="Luca">Chiovato L, Magri F, Carlé A. Hypothyroidism in Context: Where We've Been and Where We're Going. Adv Ther. 2019 Sep;36(Suppl 2):47-58. doi: 10.1007/s12325-019-01080-8. Epub 2019 Sep 4. PMID: 31485975; PMCID: PMC6822815. [DOI: 10.1007/s12325-019-01080-8 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31485975/]</ref>.

[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284#:~:text=Hypothyroidism%20happens%20when%20the%20thyroid,symptoms%20in%20its%20early%20stages Hypothyroidism]  is when the thyroid is underactive. The underactive state is initiated when antibodies like K1 are bound. When the K1 antibody is bound it does not allow the TSHR to go into the upright, active, position. This does not allow for the signaling of the T3 and T4 hormones to upregulate the metabolism. When stuck in the inactive form, TSH or M22 cannot bind to the TSHR to make more thyroid hormones which leads to an under-stimulation of the metabolism. The symptoms of this include slow or irregular heartbeats, tiredness, muscle aches, memory problems, jaundice, and sensitivity to cold. [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hashimotos-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20351855 Hasimoto's disease] is an example of hypothyroidism. This is an autoimmune disorder that causes your body to attack the healthy cells of the thyroid. Specifically causing the death of the cells that produce the thyroid hormones. When the thyroid fails to produce its hormones it activates TSH production through a negative feedback mechanism<ref name="Luca">.