Sandbox Reserved 1791: Difference between revisions

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== Introduction ==

[[Image:TSH system1.png|300 px|right|thumb| Figure 1: An overview of the Thyroid System. A depiction of signaling cascade from the hypothalamus ending in the release of TSH causing T3 and T4 production and its effects. The mechanism of regulation is also shown by negative feedback from the T3 and T4 hormones. Source: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_37_04_01.png]]]

[[Image:TSH system1.png|300 px|right|thumb| Figure 1: An overview of the Thyroid System. A depiction of signaling cascade from the hypothalamus ending in the release of TSH causing T3 and T4 production and its effects. The mechanism of regulation is also shown by [https://biologydictionary.net/negative-feedback/ negative feedback] from the T3 and T4 hormones. Source: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_37_04_01.png]]]

'''Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor (TSHR)''' is a [https://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/GPCRs G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)] found in human thyroid follicles<ref name="Faust"> DOI 10.1038/s41586-022-05159-1</ref>. TSHR is activated by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)] also known as thyrotropin. Activation of TSHR initiates a signaling pathway for the production of thyroid hormones such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triiodothyronine T<sub>3</sub>] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_hormones T<sub>4</sub>] (Fig 1). These hormones are used to regulate the metabolism.

== Structure==

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[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperthyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20373659 Hyperthyroidism] is when the thyroid is overactive which leads to upregulation of the metabolism. This overactive state can be initiated by antibodies like M22. M22 antibody maintains TSHR in the active conformation. In this conformation, the thyroid continues to make T3 and T4, overstimulating the metabolism. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism include fast or irregular heartbeats, tiredness, increased hunger, sleep problems, enlarged thyroid gland, and sensitivity to heat. [https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/graves-disease Grave's Disease] is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. This is an autoimmune disorder that causes your body to attack the thyroid gland<ref name="Luca">Chiovato L, Magri F, Carlé A. Hypothyroidism in Context: Where We've Been and Where We're Going. Adv Ther. 2019 Sep;36(Suppl 2):47-58. doi: 10.1007/s12325-019-01080-8. Epub 2019 Sep 4. PMID: 31485975; PMCID: PMC6822815. [DOI: 10.1007/s12325-019-01080-8 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31485975/]</ref>. When someone has Hypothyroidism the body produces M22 that leads to overactive metabolism functions.

=== Hypothyroidism ===

[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284#:~:text=Hypothyroidism%20happens%20when%20the%20thyroid,symptoms%20in%20its%20early%20stages Hypothyroidism] is when the thyroid is underactive leading to a decrease in metabolism function. K1 antibody binds to TSHR to promote the inactive confirmation that is conserved despite the presence of TSH. This does not allow for the signaling of the T3 and T4 hormones to upregulate the metabolism. The symptoms of this include slow or irregular heartbeats, tiredness, muscle aches, memory problems, jaundice, and sensitivity to cold. [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hashimotos-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20351855 Hasimoto's disease] is an example of hypothyroidism. This is an autoimmune disorder that causes your body to attack the healthy cells of the thyroid. Specifically causing the death of the cells that produce the thyroid hormones. When the thyroid fails to produce its hormones it activates TSH production through a negative feedback mechanism<ref name="Luca">. When someone has Hashimoto's disease the body produces the K1 antibody it does not respond to the negative feedback system and the body cannot regulate the metabolism.

[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284#:~:text=Hypothyroidism%20happens%20when%20the%20thyroid,symptoms%20in%20its%20early%20stages Hypothyroidism] is when the thyroid is underactive leading to a decrease in metabolism function. K1 antibody binds to TSHR to promote the inactive confirmation that is conserved despite the presence of TSH. This does not allow for the signaling of the T3 and T4 hormones to upregulate the metabolism. The symptoms of this include slow or irregular heartbeats, tiredness, muscle aches, memory problems, [https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15367-adult-jaundice jaundice], and sensitivity to cold. [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hashimotos-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20351855 Hasimoto's disease] is an example of hypothyroidism. This is an autoimmune disorder that causes your body to attack the healthy cells of the thyroid. Specifically causing the death of the cells that produce the thyroid hormones. When the thyroid fails to produce its hormones it activates TSH production through a [https://biologydictionary.net/negative-feedback/ negative feedback mechanism]<ref name="Luca">. When someone has Hashimoto's disease the body produces the K1 antibody it does not respond to the negative feedback system and the body cannot regulate the metabolism.

== Student Contributions ==

*Alex Kem

Sandbox Reserved 1791: Difference between revisions

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 == Introduction ==
-[[Image:TSH system1.png|300 px|right|thumb| Figure 1: An overview of the Thyroid System. A depiction of signaling cascade from the hypothalamus ending in the release of TSH causing T3 and T4 production and its effects. The mechanism of regulation is also shown by negative feedback from the T3 and T4 hormones. Source: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_37_04_01.png]]]
+[[Image:TSH system1.png|300 px|right|thumb| Figure 1: An overview of the Thyroid System. A depiction of signaling cascade from the hypothalamus ending in the release of TSH causing T3 and T4 production and its effects. The mechanism of regulation is also shown by [https://biologydictionary.net/negative-feedback/ negative feedback] from the T3 and T4 hormones. Source: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_37_04_01.png]]]
 '''Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor (TSHR)''' is a [https://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/GPCRs G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)] found in human thyroid follicles<ref name="Faust"> DOI 10.1038/s41586-022-05159-1</ref>. TSHR is activated by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)] also known as thyrotropin. Activation of TSHR initiates a signaling pathway for the production of thyroid hormones such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triiodothyronine T<sub>3</sub>] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_hormones T<sub>4</sub>] (Fig 1). These hormones are used to regulate the metabolism.
 == Structure==
@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperthyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20373659 Hyperthyroidism] is when the thyroid is overactive which leads to upregulation of the metabolism. This overactive state can be initiated by antibodies like M22. M22 antibody maintains TSHR in the active conformation. In this conformation, the thyroid continues to make T3 and T4, overstimulating the metabolism. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism include fast or irregular heartbeats, tiredness, increased hunger, sleep problems, enlarged thyroid gland, and sensitivity to heat. [https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/graves-disease Grave's Disease] is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. This is an autoimmune disorder that causes your body to attack the thyroid gland<ref name="Luca">Chiovato L, Magri F, Carlé A. Hypothyroidism in Context: Where We've Been and Where We're Going. Adv Ther. 2019 Sep;36(Suppl 2):47-58. doi: 10.1007/s12325-019-01080-8. Epub 2019 Sep 4. PMID: 31485975; PMCID: PMC6822815. [DOI: 10.1007/s12325-019-01080-8 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31485975/]</ref>. When someone has Hypothyroidism the body produces M22 that leads to overactive metabolism functions.
 === Hypothyroidism ===
-[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284#:~:text=Hypothyroidism%20happens%20when%20the%20thyroid,symptoms%20in%20its%20early%20stages Hypothyroidism]  is when the thyroid is underactive leading to a decrease in metabolism function. K1 antibody binds to TSHR to promote the inactive confirmation that is conserved despite the presence of TSH. This does not allow for the signaling of the T3 and T4 hormones to upregulate the metabolism. The symptoms of this include slow or irregular heartbeats, tiredness, muscle aches, memory problems, jaundice, and sensitivity to cold. [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hashimotos-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20351855 Hasimoto's disease] is an example of hypothyroidism. This is an autoimmune disorder that causes your body to attack the healthy cells of the thyroid. Specifically causing the death of the cells that produce the thyroid hormones. When the thyroid fails to produce its hormones it activates TSH production through a negative feedback mechanism<ref name="Luca">. When someone has Hashimoto's disease the body produces the K1 antibody it does not respond to the negative feedback system and the body cannot regulate the metabolism.
+[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284#:~:text=Hypothyroidism%20happens%20when%20the%20thyroid,symptoms%20in%20its%20early%20stages Hypothyroidism]  is when the thyroid is underactive leading to a decrease in metabolism function. K1 antibody binds to TSHR to promote the inactive confirmation that is conserved despite the presence of TSH. This does not allow for the signaling of the T3 and T4 hormones to upregulate the metabolism. The symptoms of this include slow or irregular heartbeats, tiredness, muscle aches, memory problems, [https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15367-adult-jaundice jaundice], and sensitivity to cold. [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hashimotos-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20351855 Hasimoto's disease] is an example of hypothyroidism. This is an autoimmune disorder that causes your body to attack the healthy cells of the thyroid. Specifically causing the death of the cells that produce the thyroid hormones. When the thyroid fails to produce its hormones it activates TSH production through a [https://biologydictionary.net/negative-feedback/ negative feedback mechanism]<ref name="Luca">. When someone has Hashimoto's disease the body produces the K1 antibody it does not respond to the negative feedback system and the body cannot regulate the metabolism.
 == Student Contributions ==
 *Alex Kem