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Function
Proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase are a subset of serine/threonine-protein kinase which upon mutating cause cancer development.
Proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase (Pim1) is the provirus integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus 1[1]. Pim1 is involved in cell cycle progression, apoptosis, transcriptional activation and signalling pathways. Pim1 phosphorylates and inhibits proapoptotic proteins. For details see Student Project 6 for UMass Chemistry 423 Spring 2015. See also Oncogenes & Tumor Suppressor Genes.
- b-Raf is related to retroviral oncogenes and participates in cellular signal transduction. B-Raf domains include the kinase domain - residues 444-721 and Ras-binding domain - residues 153-237. Mutated B-Raf was found in some human cancers[2].
See more in B-RAF with PLX4032; Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade.
- c-Raf is part of the MAPK pathway. c-Raf domains include the kinase domain - residues 323-618, cysteine-rich domain – residues 136-187 and Ras-binding domain - residues 51-132. Mutations of c-Raf are possible causes of Noonan syndrome[3]. For details on c-Raf see Molecular Playground/C-Raf and Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade.
- a-RAF stabilizes B-RAF:C-RAF complexes and thus regulates cell signalling[4].
- AKT1 has a role in tumor progression[5].
- AKT2 is critical to control of glucose metabolism by insulin [6].
- AKT3 is required for biogenesis of mitochondria [7].
Relevance
Pim1 is a progression marker in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma[8].
Disease
Pim-1 plays a pivotal role in several tumor relevant signaling pathways and is relevant to colon carcinoma[9].
Structural highlights
Pim1 is phosphorylated on serine 261 (PSer). The consensus peptide (pimtide) ARKRRRHPSGPPTA binds strongly to Pim1[10]. Water molecules are shown as red spheres.
pim-1 3D structures
Proto-oncogene serine/threonine protein kinase 3D structures
- ↑ Bachmann M, Moroy T. The serine/threonine kinase Pim-1. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2005 Apr;37(4):726-30. PMID:15694833 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2004.11.005
- ↑ Brose MS, Volpe P, Feldman M, Kumar M, Rishi I, Gerrero R, Einhorn E, Herlyn M, Minna J, Nicholson A, Roth JA, Albelda SM, Davies H, Cox C, Brignell G, Stephens P, Futreal PA, Wooster R, Stratton MR, Weber BL. BRAF and RAS mutations in human lung cancer and melanoma. Cancer Res. 2002 Dec 1;62(23):6997-7000. PMID:12460918
- ↑ Antony R, Emery CM, Sawyer AM, Garraway LA. C-RAF mutations confer resistance to RAF inhibitors. Cancer Res. 2013 Aug 1;73(15):4840-51. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-4089. Epub, 2013 Jun 4. PMID:23737487 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-4089
- ↑ Rebocho AP, Marais R. ARAF acts as a scaffold to stabilize BRAF:CRAF heterodimers. Oncogene. 2013 Jun 27;32(26):3207-12. doi: 10.1038/onc.2012.330. Epub 2012 Aug , 27. PMID:22926515 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/onc.2012.330
- ↑ Yu Y, Wang S, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Zhao L, Wang Y, Wu J, Han L, Wang J, Guo J, Xue J, Dong F, Zhang JH, Zhang L, Liu Y, Shi G, Zhang X, Li Y, Li J. AKT1 Promotes Tumorigenesis and Metastasis by Directly Phosphorylating Hexokinases. J Cell Biochem. 2024 Aug;125(8):e30613. doi: 10.1002/jcb.30613. Epub 2024 Jun 11. PMID:38860522 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.30613
- ↑ Leavens KF, Easton RM, Shulman GI, Previs SF, Birnbaum MJ. Akt2 is required for hepatic lipid accumulation in models of insulin resistance. Cell metabolism. 2009 Nov 1. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2009.10.004. PMID: 19883618.
- ↑ Corum DG, Tsichlis PN, Muise-Helmericks RC. AKT3 controls mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy via regulation of the major nuclear export protein CRM-1. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2014 Jan 1. doi: 10.1096/fj.13-235382. PMID: 24081905.
- ↑ Brault L, Menter T, Obermann EC, Knapp S, Thommen S, Schwaller J, Tzankov A. PIM kinases are progression markers and emerging therapeutic targets in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Br J Cancer. 2012 Jul 24;107(3):491-500. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2012.272. Epub 2012 Jun, 21. PMID:22722314 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2012.272
- ↑ Weirauch U, Beckmann N, Thomas M, Grunweller A, Huber K, Bracher F, Hartmann RK, Aigner A. Functional role and therapeutic potential of the pim-1 kinase in colon carcinoma. Neoplasia. 2013 Jul;15(7):783-94. PMID:23814490
- ↑ Huber K, Brault L, Fedorov O, Gasser C, Filippakopoulos P, Bullock AN, Fabbro D, Trappe J, Schwaller J, Knapp S, Bracher F. 7,8-Dichloro-1-oxo-beta-carbolines as a Versatile Scaffold for the Development of Potent and Selective Kinase Inhibitors with Unusual Binding Modes. J Med Chem. 2012 Jan 12;55(1):403-13. Epub 2012 Jan 3. PMID:22136433 doi:10.1021/jm201286z
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