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The three-dimensional structure of human S100A12
Structural highlights
FunctionS10AC_HUMAN S100A12 is a calcium-, zinc- and copper-binding protein which plays a prominent role in the regulation of inflammatory processes and immune response. Its proinflammatory activity involves recruitment of leukocytes, promotion of cytokine and chemokine production, and regulation of leukocyte adhesion and migration. Acts as an alarmin or a danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule and stimulates innate immune cells via binding to receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (AGER). Binding to AGER activates the MAP-kinase and NF-kappa-B signaling pathways leading to production of proinflammatory cytokines and up-regulation of cell adhesion molecules ICAM1 and VCAM1. Acts as a monocyte and mast cell chemoattractant. Can stimulate mast cell degranulation and activation which generates chemokines, histamine and cytokines inducing further leukocyte recruitment to the sites of inflammation. Can inhibit the activity of matrix metalloproteinases; MMP2, MMP3 and MMP9 by chelating Zn(2+) from their active sites. Possesses filariacidal and filariastatic activity. Calcitermin possesses antifungal activity against C.albicans and is also active against E.coli and P.aeruginosa but not L.monocytogenes and S.aureus.[1] [2] [3] [4] Evolutionary Conservation Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf. Publication Abstract from PubMedThe crystal structure of human EF-hand calcium-binding protein S100A12 in its calcium-bound form has been determined to 1.95 A resolution by molecular replacement using the structure of the S100B protein. The S100 family members are homologous to calmodulin and other related EF-hand calcium-binding proteins. Like the majority of S100 proteins, S100A12 is a dimer, with the interface between the two subunits being composed mostly of hydrophobic residues. The fold of S100A12 is similar to the other known crystal and solution structures of S100 proteins, except for the linker region between the two EF-hand motifs. Sequence and structure comparison between members of the S100 family suggests that the target-binding region in S100A12 is formed by the linker region and C-terminal residues of one subunit and the N-terminal residues of another subunit of the dimer. The N-terminal region of the target-binding site includes two glutamates that are conserved in most of the S100 sequences. The comparison also provided a better understanding of the role of the residues important for intra- and inter-subunit hydrophobic interactions. The precise role of S100A12 in cell behaviour is yet undefined, as is the case for the whole family, although it has been shown that the interaction of S100A12 with the RAGE receptor is implicated in inflammatory response. The three-dimensional structure of human S100A12.,Moroz OV, Antson AA, Murshudov GN, Maitland NJ, Dodson GG, Wilson KS, Skibshoj I, Lukanidin EM, Bronstein IB Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2001 Jan;57(Pt 1):20-9. PMID:11134923[5] From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. See AlsoReferences
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