Hormone-Sensitive Lipase from 3dnm. Alpha helices and beta sheets are shown in red and yellow, respectively.
Hormone-sensitive lipases (HSL) represent a class of esterases within the α/β hydrolase family. HSL catalyzes the cleavage of ester bonds in fatty acid molecules when stimulated by a hormone. [1] The activation and mobilization of these hormone-sensitive lipases can be triggered by various catecholamines and inhibited by insulin. HSL is clinically relevant, because the mobilization of fats in cells is directly related to fat accumulation seen in artherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. Investigation of HSL's structure and function could provide a better clinical understanding of these diseases. [2]
Briefly, binding of catecholamines to β-adrenergic receptors coupled with adenylate cyclase (AC) stimulates G-proteins to increase the levels of cystolic cAMP. Elevated levels of cAMP leads to an activation protein kinase A (PKA) leading to phosphorylation of serine residues on HSL activating and translocating HSL to lipid droplets for lipolysis. Conversely, insulin signaling decreases cystolic cAMP levels, resulting in a decreased HSL mobilization. [1]
TextToBeDisplayed are generally well-conserved across species. HSL is composed of two main structural domains, consisting of a slightly variable N-terminus that is thought to contribute to numerous factors including activity, specificity, regioselectivity, thermophilicity, and thermostability. The second, highly conserved, domain of HSL is the C-terminal catalytic domain, which contains the catalytic triad, a charge relay network that is characteristic of many hydrolases. Size-exclusion chromatography studies have shown that HSL has a ligand pocket that is approximately 16Å deep, suggesting that HSL primarily hydrolyzes shorter chained molecules. [1]
The catalytic triad is comprised of Ser157, Glu251, and His281. The Ser157 residue sits at a site deemed the "nucleophilic elbow," that models an approximate torsion of Φ = 60° and Ψ =-120°. This nucleophilic elbow is stabilized by a hydrogen bond between the proximal nitrogen and oxygen atoms of His281 and Glu251, respectively. This model also shows the Ser157 residue to be stabilized by the covalent binding of β-mercaptoethanol. Return to default view, here.
Inhibition of hormone-sensitive lipase
Hormone-Sensitive Lipase Complex with PMSF from 3h17
Hormone-sensitive lipase can be inhibited by phenylmethylsufonyl flouride (PMSF) entering into the active site. The experiments performed to test this inhibition used different strains of bacteria, which had a different order of residues but the same catalytic effect. This experiment tested the Ser144 residue rather than the Ser157 residue seen in other HSL proteins. PMSF inhibits enzymes by binding to the Ser144 residue of the serine protease active sites so that the normal catalytic activity cannot be carried out. This inhibitor will only bind to the active site Ser144 because of its participation in the charge relay of the catalytic triad. This hyper activity allows the sulfonyl group of PMSF to covalently bond to the Ser144 residue to disrupt its activity. Because of this Ser144 residue specificity, PMSF does not inhibit all kinds of lipases, just those dependent on Ser144 residues in the active site. PMSF is highly degradable in aqueous solutions so it does not inhibit for very long periods of time in its natural environment. PMSF binding induces only a minor conformational change from the native protein.[2]
Inhibition or decreased activity of hormone-sensitive lipases can possibly lead to disorders such as atherosclerosis, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Inability to break down fatty acid molecules due to inactive hormone-sensitive lipases has been reported in many cases of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Increased inhibition of HSL by PMSF could, in theory, also be a possible cause of these diseases.[3]
↑Nam KH, Kim MY, Kim SJ, Priyadarshi A, Kwon ST, Koo BS, Yoon SH, Hwang KY. Structural and functional analysis of a novel hormone-sensitive lipase from a metagenome library. Proteins. 2009 Mar;74(4):1036-40. PMID:19089974 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.22313
↑Kanwar SS, Kaushal RK, Jawed A, Gupta R, Chimni SS. Methods for inhibition of residual lipase activity in colorimetric assay: a comparative study. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 2005 Aug;42(4):233-7. PMID:23923547
↑Kraemer FB, Shen WJ. Hormone-sensitive lipase: control of intracellular tri-(di-)acylglycerol and cholesteryl ester hydrolysis. J Lipid Res. 2002 Oct;43(10):1585-94. PMID:12364542
