2am9 is a 1 chain structure with sequence from Human. The August 2007 RCSB PDB Molecule of the Month feature on Anabolic Steroids by David S. Goodsell is 10.2210/rcsb_pdb/mom_2007_8. Full crystallographic information is available from OCA. For a guided tour on the structure components use FirstGlance.
[ANDR_HUMAN] Defects in AR are the cause of androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) [MIM:300068]; previously known as testicular feminization syndrome (TFM). AIS is an X-linked recessive form of pseudohermaphroditism due end-organ resistance to androgen. Affected males have female external genitalia, female breast development, blind vagina, absent uterus and female adnexa, and abdominal or inguinal testes, despite a normal 46,XY karyotype.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] [:][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58] [:][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71] Defects in AR are the cause of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy X-linked type 1 (SMAX1) [MIM:313200]; also known as Kennedy disease. SMAX1 is an X-linked recessive form of spinal muscular atrophy. Spinal muscular atrophy refers to a group of neuromuscular disorders characterized by degeneration of the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord, leading to symmetrical muscle weakness and atrophy. SMAX1 occurs only in men. Age at onset is usually in the third to fifth decade of life, but earlier involvement has been reported. It is characterized by slowly progressive limb and bulbar muscle weakness with fasciculations, muscle atrophy, and gynecomastia. The disorder is clinically similar to classic forms of autosomal spinal muscular atrophy. Note=Caused by trinucleotide CAG repeat expansion. In SMAX1 patients the number of Gln ranges from 38 to 62. Longer expansions result in earlier onset and more severe clinical manifestations of the disease.[72] Note=Defects in AR may play a role in metastatic prostate cancer. The mutated receptor stimulates prostate growth and metastases development despite of androgen ablation. This treatment can reduce primary and metastatic lesions probably by inducing apoptosis of tumor cells when they express the wild-type receptor. Defects in AR are the cause of androgen insensitivity syndrome partial (PAIS) [MIM:312300]; also known as Reifenstein syndrome. PAIS is characterized by hypospadias, hypogonadism, gynecomastia, genital ambiguity, normal XY karyotype, and a pedigree pattern consistent with X-linked recessive inheritance. Some patients present azoospermia or severe oligospermia without other clinical manifestations.
Function
[ANDR_HUMAN] Steroid hormone receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Transcription factor activity is modulated by bound coactivator and corepressor proteins. Transcription activation is down-regulated by NR0B2. Activated, but not phosphorylated, by HIPK3 and ZIPK/DAPK3.[73][74][75][76][77][78][79]
Evolutionary Conservation
Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf.
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Androgens exert their effects by binding to the highly specific androgen receptor (AR). In addition to natural potent androgens, AR binds a variety of synthetic agonist or antagonist molecules with different affinities. To identify molecular determinants responsible for this selectivity, we have determined the crystal structure of the human androgen receptor ligand-binding domain (hARLBD) in complex with two natural androgens, testosterone (Testo) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and with an androgenic steroid used in sport doping, tetrahydrogestrinone (THG), at 1.64, 1.90, and 1.75 A resolution, respectively. Comparison of these structures first highlights the flexibility of several residues buried in the ligand-binding pocket that can accommodate a variety of ligand structures. As expected, the ligand structure itself (dimension, presence, and position of unsaturated bonds that influence the geometry of the steroidal nucleus or the electronic properties of the neighboring atoms, etc.) determines the number of interactions it can make with the hARLBD. Indeed, THG--which possesses the highest affinity--establishes more van der Waals contacts with the receptor than the other steroids, whereas the geometry of the atoms forming electrostatic interactions at both extremities of the steroid nucleus seems mainly responsible for the higher affinity measured experimentally for DHT over Testo. Moreover, estimation of the ligand-receptor interaction energy through modeling confirms that even minor modifications in ligand structure have a great impact on the strength of these interactions. Our crystallographic data combined with those obtained by modeling will be helpful in the design of novel molecules with stronger affinity for the AR.
Comparison of crystal structures of human androgen receptor ligand-binding domain complexed with various agonists reveals molecular determinants responsible for binding affinity.,Pereira de Jesus-Tran K, Cote PL, Cantin L, Blanchet J, Labrie F, Breton R Protein Sci. 2006 May;15(5):987-99. PMID:16641486[80]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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↑Nakao R, Haji M, Yanase T, Ogo A, Takayanagi R, Katsube T, Fukumaki Y, Nawata H. A single amino acid substitution (Met786----Val) in the steroid-binding domain of human androgen receptor leads to complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992 May;74(5):1152-7. PMID:1569163
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↑McPhaul MJ, Marcelli M, Zoppi S, Wilson CM, Griffin JE, Wilson JD. Mutations in the ligand-binding domain of the androgen receptor gene cluster in two regions of the gene. J Clin Invest. 1992 Nov;90(5):2097-101. PMID:1430233 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI116093
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↑Adeyemo O, Kallio PJ, Palvimo JJ, Kontula K, Janne OA. A single-base substitution in exon 6 of the androgen receptor gene causing complete androgen insensitivity: the mutated receptor fails to transactivate but binds to DNA in vitro. Hum Mol Genet. 1993 Nov;2(11):1809-12. PMID:8281140
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↑Hiort O, Wodtke A, Struve D, Zollner A, Sinnecker GH. Detection of point mutations in the androgen receptor gene using non-isotopic single strand conformation polymorphism analysis. German Collaborative Intersex Study Group. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Jul;3(7):1163-6. PMID:7981687
↑Baldazzi L, Baroncini C, Pirazzoli P, Balsamo A, Capelli M, Marchetti G, Bernardi F, Cacciari E. Two mutations causing complete androgen insensitivity: a frame-shift in the steroid binding domain and a Cys-->Phe substitution in the second zinc finger of the androgen receptor. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Jul;3(7):1169-70. PMID:7981689
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↑Beitel LK, Kazemi-Esfarjani P, Kaufman M, Lumbroso R, DiGeorge AM, Killinger DW, Trifiro MA, Pinsky L. Substitution of arginine-839 by cysteine or histidine in the androgen receptor causes different receptor phenotypes in cultured cells and coordinate degrees of clinical androgen resistance. J Clin Invest. 1994 Aug;94(2):546-54. PMID:8040309 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI117368
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↑Lundberg Giwercman Y, Nikoshkov A, Lindsten K, Bystrom B, Pousette A, Chibalin AV, Arvidsson S, Tiulpakov A, Semitcheva TV, Peterkova V, Hagenfeldt K, Ritzen EM, Wedell A. Functional characterisation of mutations in the ligand-binding domain of the androgen receptor gene in patients with androgen insensitivity syndrome. Hum Genet. 1998 Oct;103(4):529-31. PMID:9856504
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↑Gordon V, Bhadel S, Wunderlich W, Zhang J, Ficarro SB, Mollah SA, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Xenarios I, Hahn WC, Conaway M, Carey MF, Gioeli D. CDK9 regulates AR promoter selectivity and cell growth through serine 81 phosphorylation. Mol Endocrinol. 2010 Dec;24(12):2267-80. doi: 10.1210/me.2010-0238. Epub 2010 Oct, 27. PMID:20980437 doi:10.1210/me.2010-0238
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↑Pereira de Jesus-Tran K, Cote PL, Cantin L, Blanchet J, Labrie F, Breton R. Comparison of crystal structures of human androgen receptor ligand-binding domain complexed with various agonists reveals molecular determinants responsible for binding affinity. Protein Sci. 2006 May;15(5):987-99. PMID:16641486 doi:15/5/987
