2pix is a 1 chain structure with sequence from Human. Full crystallographic information is available from OCA. For a guided tour on the structure components use FirstGlance.
[ANDR_HUMAN] Defects in AR are the cause of androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) [MIM:300068]; previously known as testicular feminization syndrome (TFM). AIS is an X-linked recessive form of pseudohermaphroditism due end-organ resistance to androgen. Affected males have female external genitalia, female breast development, blind vagina, absent uterus and female adnexa, and abdominal or inguinal testes, despite a normal 46,XY karyotype.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] [:][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58] [:][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71] Defects in AR are the cause of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy X-linked type 1 (SMAX1) [MIM:313200]; also known as Kennedy disease. SMAX1 is an X-linked recessive form of spinal muscular atrophy. Spinal muscular atrophy refers to a group of neuromuscular disorders characterized by degeneration of the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord, leading to symmetrical muscle weakness and atrophy. SMAX1 occurs only in men. Age at onset is usually in the third to fifth decade of life, but earlier involvement has been reported. It is characterized by slowly progressive limb and bulbar muscle weakness with fasciculations, muscle atrophy, and gynecomastia. The disorder is clinically similar to classic forms of autosomal spinal muscular atrophy. Note=Caused by trinucleotide CAG repeat expansion. In SMAX1 patients the number of Gln ranges from 38 to 62. Longer expansions result in earlier onset and more severe clinical manifestations of the disease.[72] Note=Defects in AR may play a role in metastatic prostate cancer. The mutated receptor stimulates prostate growth and metastases development despite of androgen ablation. This treatment can reduce primary and metastatic lesions probably by inducing apoptosis of tumor cells when they express the wild-type receptor. Defects in AR are the cause of androgen insensitivity syndrome partial (PAIS) [MIM:312300]; also known as Reifenstein syndrome. PAIS is characterized by hypospadias, hypogonadism, gynecomastia, genital ambiguity, normal XY karyotype, and a pedigree pattern consistent with X-linked recessive inheritance. Some patients present azoospermia or severe oligospermia without other clinical manifestations.
Function
[ANDR_HUMAN] Steroid hormone receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Transcription factor activity is modulated by bound coactivator and corepressor proteins. Transcription activation is down-regulated by NR0B2. Activated, but not phosphorylated, by HIPK3 and ZIPK/DAPK3.[73][74][75][76][77][78][79]
Evolutionary Conservation
Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf.
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Current approaches to inhibit nuclear receptor (NR) activity target the hormone binding pocket but face limitations. We have proposed that inhibitors, which bind to nuclear receptor surfaces that mediate assembly of the receptor's binding partners, might overcome some of these limitations. The androgen receptor (AR) plays a central role in prostate cancer, but conventional inhibitors lose effectiveness as cancer treatments because anti-androgen resistance usually develops. We conducted functional and x-ray screens to identify compounds that bind the AR surface and block binding of coactivators for AR activation function 2 (AF-2). Four compounds that block coactivator binding in solution with IC(50) approximately 50 microM and inhibit AF-2 activity in cells were detected: three nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the thyroid hormone 3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid. Although visualization of compounds at the AR surface reveals weak binding at AF-2, the most potent inhibitors bind preferentially to a previously unknown regulatory surface cleft termed binding function (BF)-3, which is a known target for mutations in prostate cancer and androgen insensitivity syndrome. X-ray structural analysis reveals that 3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid binding to BF-3 remodels the adjacent interaction site AF-2 to weaken coactivator binding. Mutation of residues that form BF-3 inhibits AR function and AR AF-2 activity. We propose that BF-3 is a previously unrecognized allosteric regulatory site needed for AR activity in vivo and a possible pharmaceutical target.
A surface on the androgen receptor that allosterically regulates coactivator binding.,Estebanez-Perpina E, Arnold LA, Nguyen P, Rodrigues ED, Mar E, Bateman R, Pallai P, Shokat KM, Baxter JD, Guy RK, Webb P, Fletterick RJ Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Oct 9;104(41):16074-9. Epub 2007 Oct 2. PMID:17911242[80]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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↑Mowszowicz I, Lee HJ, Chen HT, Mestayer C, Portois MC, Cabrol S, Mauvais-Jarvis P, Chang C. A point mutation in the second zinc finger of the DNA-binding domain of the androgen receptor gene causes complete androgen insensitivity in two siblings with receptor-positive androgen resistance. Mol Endocrinol. 1993 Jul;7(7):861-9. PMID:8413310
↑Ris-Stalpers C, Trifiro MA, Kuiper GG, Jenster G, Romalo G, Sai T, van Rooij HC, Kaufman M, Rosenfield RL, Liao S, et al.. Substitution of aspartic acid-686 by histidine or asparagine in the human androgen receptor leads to a functionally inactive protein with altered hormone-binding characteristics. Mol Endocrinol. 1991 Oct;5(10):1562-9. PMID:1775137
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↑Marcelli M, Zoppi S, Grino PB, Griffin JE, Wilson JD, McPhaul MJ. A mutation in the DNA-binding domain of the androgen receptor gene causes complete testicular feminization in a patient with receptor-positive androgen resistance. J Clin Invest. 1991 Mar;87(3):1123-6. PMID:1999491 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI115076
↑Prior L, Bordet S, Trifiro MA, Mhatre A, Kaufman M, Pinsky L, Wrogeman K, Belsham DD, Pereira F, Greenberg C, et al.. Replacement of arginine 773 by cysteine or histidine in the human androgen receptor causes complete androgen insensitivity with different receptor phenotypes. Am J Hum Genet. 1992 Jul;51(1):143-55. PMID:1609793
↑Sweet CR, Behzadian MA, McDonough PG. A unique point mutation in the androgen receptor gene in a family with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. Fertil Steril. 1992 Oct;58(4):703-7. PMID:1426313
↑Jakubiczka S, Werder EA, Wieacker P. Point mutation in the steroid-binding domain of the androgen receptor gene in a family with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS). Hum Genet. 1992 Nov;90(3):311-2. PMID:1487249
↑Batch JA, Williams DM, Davies HR, Brown BD, Evans BA, Hughes IA, Patterson MN. Androgen receptor gene mutations identified by SSCP in fourteen subjects with androgen insensitivity syndrome. Hum Mol Genet. 1992 Oct;1(7):497-503. PMID:1307250
↑Nakao R, Haji M, Yanase T, Ogo A, Takayanagi R, Katsube T, Fukumaki Y, Nawata H. A single amino acid substitution (Met786----Val) in the steroid-binding domain of human androgen receptor leads to complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992 May;74(5):1152-7. PMID:1569163
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↑McPhaul MJ, Marcelli M, Zoppi S, Wilson CM, Griffin JE, Wilson JD. Mutations in the ligand-binding domain of the androgen receptor gene cluster in two regions of the gene. J Clin Invest. 1992 Nov;90(5):2097-101. PMID:1430233 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI116093
↑Zoppi S, Marcelli M, Deslypere JP, Griffin JE, Wilson JD, McPhaul MJ. Amino acid substitutions in the DNA-binding domain of the human androgen receptor are a frequent cause of receptor-binding positive androgen resistance. Mol Endocrinol. 1992 Mar;6(3):409-15. PMID:1316540
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↑Lobaccaro JM, Lumbroso S, Ktari R, Dumas R, Sultan C. An exonic point mutation creates a MaeIII site in the androgen receptor gene of a family with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. Hum Mol Genet. 1993 Jul;2(7):1041-3. PMID:8103398
↑Adeyemo O, Kallio PJ, Palvimo JJ, Kontula K, Janne OA. A single-base substitution in exon 6 of the androgen receptor gene causing complete androgen insensitivity: the mutated receptor fails to transactivate but binds to DNA in vitro. Hum Mol Genet. 1993 Nov;2(11):1809-12. PMID:8281140
↑Hiort O, Huang Q, Sinnecker GH, Sadeghi-Nejad A, Kruse K, Wolfe HJ, Yandell DW. Single strand conformation polymorphism analysis of androgen receptor gene mutations in patients with androgen insensitivity syndromes: application for diagnosis, genetic counseling, and therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993 Jul;77(1):262-6. PMID:8325950
↑Lobaccaro JM, Lumbroso S, Berta P, Chaussain JL, Sultan C. Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome associated with a de novo mutation of the androgen receptor gene detected by single strand conformation polymorphism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1993 Mar;44(3):211-6. PMID:8096390
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↑Beitel LK, Prior L, Vasiliou DM, Gottlieb B, Kaufman M, Lumbroso R, Alvarado C, McGillivray B, Trifiro M, Pinsky L. Complete androgen insensitivity due to mutations in the probable alpha-helical segments of the DNA-binding domain in the human androgen receptor. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Jan;3(1):21-7. PMID:8162033
↑Hiort O, Wodtke A, Struve D, Zollner A, Sinnecker GH. Detection of point mutations in the androgen receptor gene using non-isotopic single strand conformation polymorphism analysis. German Collaborative Intersex Study Group. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Jul;3(7):1163-6. PMID:7981687
↑Baldazzi L, Baroncini C, Pirazzoli P, Balsamo A, Capelli M, Marchetti G, Bernardi F, Cacciari E. Two mutations causing complete androgen insensitivity: a frame-shift in the steroid binding domain and a Cys-->Phe substitution in the second zinc finger of the androgen receptor. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Jul;3(7):1169-70. PMID:7981689
↑Tsukada T, Inoue M, Tachibana S, Nakai Y, Takebe H. An androgen receptor mutation causing androgen resistance in undervirilized male syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Oct;79(4):1202-7. PMID:7962294
↑Beitel LK, Kazemi-Esfarjani P, Kaufman M, Lumbroso R, DiGeorge AM, Killinger DW, Trifiro MA, Pinsky L. Substitution of arginine-839 by cysteine or histidine in the androgen receptor causes different receptor phenotypes in cultured cells and coordinate degrees of clinical androgen resistance. J Clin Invest. 1994 Aug;94(2):546-54. PMID:8040309 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI117368
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↑Ris-Stalpers C, Hoogenboezem T, Sleddens HF, Verleun-Mooijman MC, Degenhart HJ, Drop SL, Halley DJ, Oosterwijk JC, Hodgins MB, Trapman J, et al.. A practical approach to the detection of androgen receptor gene mutations and pedigree analysis in families with x-linked androgen insensitivity. Pediatr Res. 1994 Aug;36(2):227-34. PMID:7970939
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↑Lundberg Giwercman Y, Nikoshkov A, Lindsten K, Bystrom B, Pousette A, Chibalin AV, Arvidsson S, Tiulpakov A, Semitcheva TV, Peterkova V, Hagenfeldt K, Ritzen EM, Wedell A. Functional characterisation of mutations in the ligand-binding domain of the androgen receptor gene in patients with androgen insensitivity syndrome. Hum Genet. 1998 Oct;103(4):529-31. PMID:9856504
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↑Wang Q, Ghadessy FJ, Trounson A, de Kretser D, McLachlan R, Ng SC, Yong EL. Azoospermia associated with a mutation in the ligand-binding domain of an androgen receptor displaying normal ligand binding, but defective trans-activation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Dec;83(12):4303-9. PMID:9851768
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↑Peters I, Weidemann W, Romalo G, Knorr D, Schweikert HU, Spindler KD. An androgen receptor mutation in the direct vicinity of the proposed C-terminal alpha-helix of the ligand binding domain containing the AF-2 transcriptional activating function core is associated with complete androgen insensitivity. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1999 Feb 25;148(1-2):47-53. PMID:10221770
↑Holterhus PM, Wiebel J, Sinnecker GH, Bruggenwirth HT, Sippell WG, Brinkmann AO, Kruse K, Hiort O. Clinical and molecular spectrum of somatic mosaicism in androgen insensitivity syndrome. Pediatr Res. 1999 Dec;46(6):684-90. PMID:10590024
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↑Sills ES, Sholes TE, Perloe M, Kaplan CR, Davis JG, Tucker MJ. Characterization of a novel receptor mutation A-->T at exon 4 in complete androgen insensitivity syndrome and a carrier sibling via bidirectional polymorphism sequence analysis. Int J Mol Med. 2002 Jan;9(1):45-8. PMID:11744994
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↑Xu K, Shimelis H, Linn DE, Jiang R, Yang X, Sun F, Guo Z, Chen H, Li W, Chen H, Kong X, Melamed J, Fang S, Xiao Z, Veenstra TD, Qiu Y. Regulation of androgen receptor transcriptional activity and specificity by RNF6-induced ubiquitination. Cancer Cell. 2009 Apr 7;15(4):270-82. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.02.021. PMID:19345326 doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2009.02.021
↑Gordon V, Bhadel S, Wunderlich W, Zhang J, Ficarro SB, Mollah SA, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Xenarios I, Hahn WC, Conaway M, Carey MF, Gioeli D. CDK9 regulates AR promoter selectivity and cell growth through serine 81 phosphorylation. Mol Endocrinol. 2010 Dec;24(12):2267-80. doi: 10.1210/me.2010-0238. Epub 2010 Oct, 27. PMID:20980437 doi:10.1210/me.2010-0238
↑Estebanez-Perpina E, Moore JM, Mar E, Delgado-Rodrigues E, Nguyen P, Baxter JD, Buehrer BM, Webb P, Fletterick RJ, Guy RK. The molecular mechanisms of coactivator utilization in ligand-dependent transactivation by the androgen receptor. J Biol Chem. 2005 Mar 4;280(9):8060-8. Epub 2004 Nov 24. PMID:15563469 doi:10.1074/jbc.M407046200
↑Askew EB, Gampe RT Jr, Stanley TB, Faggart JL, Wilson EM. Modulation of androgen receptor activation function 2 by testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. J Biol Chem. 2007 Aug 31;282(35):25801-16. Epub 2007 Jun 25. PMID:17591767 doi:10.1074/jbc.M703268200
↑Estebanez-Perpina E, Arnold LA, Nguyen P, Rodrigues ED, Mar E, Bateman R, Pallai P, Shokat KM, Baxter JD, Guy RK, Webb P, Fletterick RJ. A surface on the androgen receptor that allosterically regulates coactivator binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Oct 9;104(41):16074-9. Epub 2007 Oct 2. PMID:17911242
↑Estebanez-Perpina E, Arnold LA, Nguyen P, Rodrigues ED, Mar E, Bateman R, Pallai P, Shokat KM, Baxter JD, Guy RK, Webb P, Fletterick RJ. A surface on the androgen receptor that allosterically regulates coactivator binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Oct 9;104(41):16074-9. Epub 2007 Oct 2. PMID:17911242
