| Structural highlights
Disease
[PKD2_HUMAN] Defects in PKD2 are the cause of polycystic kidney disease 2 (PKD2) [MIM:613095]. PKD2 is a disorder characterized by progressive formation and enlargement of cysts in both kidneys, typically leading to end-stage renal disease in adult life. Cysts also occurs in the liver and other organs. It represents approximately 15% of the cases of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. PKD2 is clinically milder than PKD1 but it has a deleterious impact on overall life expectancy.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [PKD1_HUMAN] Defects in PKD1 are the cause of polycystic kidney disease 1 (PKD1) [MIM:173900]. PKD1 is characterized by progressive formation and enlargement of cysts in both kidneys, typically leading to end-stage renal disease in adult life. Cysts also occurs in the liver and other organs. Its prevalence is estimated at about 1/1000.[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43]
Function
[PKD2_HUMAN] Involved in fluid-flow mechanosensation by the primary cilium in renal epithelium (By similarity). PKD1 and PKD2 may function through a common signaling pathway that is necessary for normal tubulogenesis (By similarity). Acts as a regulator of cilium length, together with PKD1 (By similarity). The dynamic control of cilium length is essential in the regulation of mechanotransductive signaling. The cilium length response creates a negative feedback loop whereby fluid shear-mediated deflection of the primary cilium, which decreases intracellular cAMP, leads to cilium shortening and thus decreases flow-induced signaling (By similarity). Functions as a calcium permeable cation channel. [PKD1_HUMAN] Involved in renal tubulogenesis. Involved in fluid-flow mechanosensation by the primary cilium in renal epithelium (By similarity). Acts as a regulator of cilium length, together with PKD2 (By similarity). The dynamic control of cilium length is essential in the regulation of mechanotransductive signaling. The cilium length response creates a negative feedback loop whereby fluid shear-mediated deflection of the primary cilium, which decreases intracellular cAMP, leads to cilium shortening and thus decreases flow-induced signaling (By similarity). May be an ion-channel regulator. Involved in adhesive protein-protein and protein-carbohydrate interactions.[44]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Mutations in two genes, pkd1 and pkd2, account for most cases of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), one of the most common monogenetic disorders. Here we report the 3.6 A cryo-EM structure of truncated human PKD1/PKD2 complex assembled in a 1:3 ratio. PKD1 contains a voltage-gated ion channel (VGIC) fold that interacts with PKD2 to form the domain-swapped, yet non-canonical, TRP channel architecture. The S6 helix in PKD1 is broken in the middle, with the extracellular S6a resembling pore helix 1 in a typical TRP channel. Three positively charged cavity-facing residues on S6b may block cation permeation. In addition to VGIC, a 5-TM domain and a cytosolic PLAT domain were resolved in PKD1. The PKD1/PKD2 complex structure establishes a framework for dissecting the function and disease mechanisms of the PKD proteins.
Structure of the human PKD1/PKD2 complex.,Su Q, Hu F, Ge X, Lei J, Yu S, Wang T, Zhou Q, Mei C, Shi Y Science. 2018 Aug 9. pii: science.aat9819. doi: 10.1126/science.aat9819. PMID:30093605[45]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
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- ↑ Torra R, Viribay M, Telleria D, Badenas C, Watson M, Harris P, Darnell A, San Millan JL. Seven novel mutations of the PKD2 gene in families with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 1999 Jul;56(1):28-33. PMID:10411676 doi:kid534
- ↑ Watnick T, He N, Wang K, Liang Y, Parfrey P, Hefferton D, St George-Hyslop P, Germino G, Pei Y. Mutations of PKD1 in ADPKD2 cysts suggest a pathogenic effect of trans-heterozygous mutations. Nat Genet. 2000 Jun;25(2):143-4. PMID:10835625 doi:10.1038/75981
- ↑ Reiterova J, Stekrova J, Peters DJ, Kapras J, Kohoutova M, Merta M, Zidovska J. Four novel mutations of the PKD2 gene in Czech families with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Hum Mutat. 2002 May;19(5):573. PMID:11968093 doi:10.1002/humu.9035
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- ↑ Hoefele J, Mayer K, Scholz M, Klein HG. Novel PKD1 and PKD2 mutations in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011 Jul;26(7):2181-8. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfq720. Epub, 2010 Nov 29. PMID:21115670 doi:10.1093/ndt/gfq720
- ↑ Qian F, Boletta A, Bhunia AK, Xu H, Liu L, Ahrabi AK, Watnick TJ, Zhou F, Germino GG. Cleavage of polycystin-1 requires the receptor for egg jelly domain and is disrupted by human autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease 1-associated mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Dec 24;99(26):16981-6. Epub 2002 Dec 13. PMID:12482949 doi:10.1073/pnas.252484899
- ↑ Peral B, San Millan JL, Ong AC, Gamble V, Ward CJ, Strong C, Harris PC. Screening the 3' region of the polycystic kidney disease 1 (PKD1) gene reveals six novel mutations. Am J Hum Genet. 1996 Jan;58(1):86-96. PMID:8554072
- ↑ Peral B, Gamble V, Strong C, Ong AC, Sloane-Stanley J, Zerres K, Winearls CG, Harris PC. Identification of mutations in the duplicated region of the polycystic kidney disease 1 gene (PKD1) by a novel approach. Am J Hum Genet. 1997 Jun;60(6):1399-410. PMID:9199561 doi:10.1086/515467
- ↑ Watnick TJ, Piontek KB, Cordal TM, Weber H, Gandolph MA, Qian F, Lens XM, Neumann HP, Germino GG. An unusual pattern of mutation in the duplicated portion of PKD1 is revealed by use of a novel strategy for mutation detection. Hum Mol Genet. 1997 Sep;6(9):1473-81. PMID:9285784
- ↑ Turco AE, Rossetti S, Bresin E, Englisch S, Corra S, Pignatti PF. Three novel mutations of the PKD1 gene in Italian families with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Hum Mutat. 1997;10(2):164-7. PMID:9259200 doi:<164::AID-HUMU9>3.0.CO;2-K 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1997)10:2<164::AID-HUMU9>3.0.CO;2-K
- ↑ Daniells C, Maheshwar M, Lazarou L, Davies F, Coles G, Ravine D. Novel and recurrent mutations in the PKD1 (polycystic kidney disease) gene. Hum Genet. 1998 Feb;102(2):216-20. PMID:9521593
- ↑ Koptides M, Constantinides R, Kyriakides G, Hadjigavriel M, Patsalis PC, Pierides A, Deltas CC. Loss of heterozygosity in polycystic kidney disease with a missense mutation in the repeated region of PKD1. Hum Genet. 1998 Dec;103(6):709-17. PMID:9921908
- ↑ Thomas R, McConnell R, Whittacker J, Kirkpatrick P, Bradley J, Sandford R. Identification of mutations in the repeated part of the autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease type 1 gene, PKD1, by long-range PCR. Am J Hum Genet. 1999 Jul;65(1):39-49. PMID:10364515 doi:10.1086/302460
- ↑ Watnick T, Phakdeekitcharoen B, Johnson A, Gandolph M, Wang M, Briefel G, Klinger KW, Kimberling W, Gabow P, Germino GG. Mutation detection of PKD1 identifies a novel mutation common to three families with aneurysms and/or very-early-onset disease. Am J Hum Genet. 1999 Dec;65(6):1561-71. PMID:10577909 doi:S0002-9297(07)63575-7
- ↑ Perrichot RA, Mercier B, Simon PM, Whebe B, Cledes J, Ferec C. DGGE screening of PKD1 gene reveals novel mutations in a large cohort of 146 unrelated patients. Hum Genet. 1999 Sep;105(3):231-9. PMID:10987650
- ↑ Afzal AR, Hand M, Ternes-Pereira E, Saggar-Malik A, Taylor R, Jeffery S. Novel mutations in the 3 region of the polycystic kidney disease 1 (PKD1) gene. Hum Genet. 1999 Dec;105(6):648-53. PMID:10647901
- ↑ Badenas C, Torra R, San Millan JL, Lucero L, Mila M, Estivill X, Darnell A. Mutational analysis within the 3' region of the PKD1 gene. Kidney Int. 1999 Apr;55(4):1225-33. PMID:10200984 doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00368.x
- ↑ Perrichot R, Mercier B, Quere I, Carre A, Simon P, Whebe B, Cledes J, Ferec C. Novel mutations in the duplicated region of PKD1 gene. Eur J Hum Genet. 2000 May;8(5):353-9. PMID:10854095 doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200459
- ↑ Afzal AR, Florencio RN, Taylor R, Patton MA, Saggar-Malik A, Jeffery S. Novel mutations in the duplicated region of the polycystic kidney disease 1 (PKD1) gene provides supporting evidence for gene conversion. Genet Test. 2000;4(4):365-70. PMID:11216660 doi:10.1089/109065700750065108
- ↑ Koptides M, Mean R, Demetriou K, Constantinides R, Pierides A, Harris PC, Deltas CC. Screening of the PKD1 duplicated region reveals multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms and a de novo mutation in Hellenic polycystic kidney disease families. Hum Mutat. 2000 Aug;16(2):176. PMID:10923040 doi:<176::AID-HUMU11>3.0.CO;2-H 10.1002/1098-1004(200008)16:2<176::AID-HUMU11>3.0.CO;2-H
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- ↑ Kim UK, Jin DK, Ahn C, Shin JH, Lee KB, Kim SH, Chae JJ, Hwang DY, Lee JG, Namkoong Y, Lee CC. Novel mutations of the PKD1 gene in Korean patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Mutat Res. 2000 Feb;432(1-2):39-45. PMID:10729710
- ↑ Rossetti S, Strmecki L, Gamble V, Burton S, Sneddon V, Peral B, Roy S, Bakkaloglu A, Komel R, Winearls CG, Harris PC. Mutation analysis of the entire PKD1 gene: genetic and diagnostic implications. Am J Hum Genet. 2001 Jan;68(1):46-63. Epub 2000 Dec 12. PMID:11115377 doi:S0002-9297(07)62471-9
- ↑ Bouba I, Koptides M, Mean R, Costi CE, Demetriou K, Georgiou I, Pierides A, Siamopoulos K, Deltas CC. Novel PKD1 deletions and missense variants in a cohort of Hellenic polycystic kidney disease families. Eur J Hum Genet. 2001 Sep;9(9):677-84. PMID:11571556 doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200696
- ↑ Phakdeekitcharoen B, Watnick TJ, Germino GG. Mutation analysis of the entire replicated portion of PKD1 using genomic DNA samples. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001 May;12(5):955-63. PMID:11316854
- ↑ Mizoguchi M, Tamura T, Yamaki A, Higashihara E, Shimizu Y. Mutations of the PKD1 gene among Japanese autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients, including one heterozygous mutation identified in members of the same family. J Hum Genet. 2001;46(9):511-7. PMID:11558899 doi:10.1007/s100380170032
- ↑ Tsuchiya K, Komeda M, Takahashi M, Yamashita N, Cigira M, Suzuki T, Suzuki K, Nihei H, Mochizuki T. Mutational analysis within the 3' region of the PKD1 gene in Japanese families. Mutat Res. 2001 Dec;458(3-4):77-84. PMID:11691639
- ↑ Eo HS, Lee JG, Ahn C, Cho JT, Hwang DY, Hwang YH, Lee EJ, Kim YS, Han JS, Kim S, Lee JS, Jeoung DI, Lee SE, Kim UK. Three novel mutations of the PKD1 gene in Korean patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Clin Genet. 2002 Aug;62(2):169-74. PMID:12220456
- ↑ McCluskey M, Schiavello T, Hunter M, Hantke J, Angelicheva D, Bogdanova N, Markoff A, Thomas M, Dworniczak B, Horst J, Kalaydjieva L. Mutation detection in the duplicated region of the polycystic kidney disease 1 (PKD1) gene in PKD1-linked Australian families. Hum Mutat. 2002 Mar;19(3):240-50. PMID:11857740 doi:10.1002/humu.10045
- ↑ Inoue S, Inoue K, Utsunomiya M, Nozaki J, Yamada Y, Iwasa T, Mori E, Yoshinaga T, Koizumi A. Mutation analysis in PKD1 of Japanese autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients. Hum Mutat. 2002 Jun;19(6):622-8. PMID:12007219 doi:10.1002/humu.10080
- ↑ Burtey S, Lossi AM, Bayle J, Berland Y, Fontes M. Mutation screening of the PKD1 transcript by RT-PCR. J Med Genet. 2002 Jun;39(6):422-9. PMID:12070253
- ↑ Rossetti S, Chauveau D, Walker D, Saggar-Malik A, Winearls CG, Torres VE, Harris PC. A complete mutation screen of the ADPKD genes by DHPLC. Kidney Int. 2002 May;61(5):1588-99. PMID:11967008 doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00326.x
- ↑ Ding L, Zhang S, Qiu W, Xiao C, Wu S, Zhang G, Cheng L, Zhang S. Novel mutations of PKD1 gene in Chinese patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002 Jan;17(1):75-80. PMID:11773467
- ↑ Rossetti S, Chauveau D, Kubly V, Slezak JM, Saggar-Malik AK, Pei Y, Ong AC, Stewart F, Watson ML, Bergstralh EJ, Winearls CG, Torres VE, Harris PC. Association of mutation position in polycystic kidney disease 1 (PKD1) gene and development of a vascular phenotype. Lancet. 2003 Jun 28;361(9376):2196-201. PMID:12842373 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13773-7
- ↑ Peltola P, Lumiaho A, Miettinen R, Pihlajamaki J, Sandford R, Laakso M. Genetics and phenotypic characteristics of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in Finns. J Mol Med (Berl). 2005 Aug;83(8):638-46. Epub 2005 Mar 17. PMID:15772804 doi:10.1007/s00109-005-0644-6
- ↑ Tan YC, Blumenfeld JD, Anghel R, Donahue S, Belenkaya R, Balina M, Parker T, Levine D, Leonard DG, Rennert H. Novel method for genomic analysis of PKD1 and PKD2 mutations in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Hum Mutat. 2009 Feb;30(2):264-73. doi: 10.1002/humu.20842. PMID:18837007 doi:10.1002/humu.20842
- ↑ Hoefele J, Mayer K, Scholz M, Klein HG. Novel PKD1 and PKD2 mutations in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011 Jul;26(7):2181-8. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfq720. Epub, 2010 Nov 29. PMID:21115670 doi:10.1093/ndt/gfq720
- ↑ Audrezet MP, Cornec-Le Gall E, Chen JM, Redon S, Quere I, Creff J, Benech C, Maestri S, Le Meur Y, Ferec C. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: comprehensive mutation analysis of PKD1 and PKD2 in 700 unrelated patients. Hum Mutat. 2012 Aug;33(8):1239-50. doi: 10.1002/humu.22103. Epub 2012 May 24. PMID:22508176 doi:10.1002/humu.22103
- ↑ Qian F, Boletta A, Bhunia AK, Xu H, Liu L, Ahrabi AK, Watnick TJ, Zhou F, Germino GG. Cleavage of polycystin-1 requires the receptor for egg jelly domain and is disrupted by human autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease 1-associated mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Dec 24;99(26):16981-6. Epub 2002 Dec 13. PMID:12482949 doi:10.1073/pnas.252484899
- ↑ Su Q, Hu F, Ge X, Lei J, Yu S, Wang T, Zhou Q, Mei C, Shi Y. Structure of the human PKD1/PKD2 complex. Science. 2018 Aug 9. pii: science.aat9819. doi: 10.1126/science.aat9819. PMID:30093605 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat9819
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