2gjx is a 8 chain structure with sequence from Homo sapiens. Full crystallographic information is available from OCA. For a guided tour on the structure components use FirstGlance.
[HEXA_HUMAN] Defects in HEXA are the cause of GM2-gangliosidosis type 1 (GM2G1) [MIM:272800]; also known as Tay-Sachs disease. GM2-gangliosidosis is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease marked by the accumulation of GM2 gangliosides in the neuronal cells. GM2G1 is characterized by GM2 gangliosides accumulation in the absence of HEXA activity, leading to neurodegeneration and, in the infantile form, death in early childhood. GM2G1 has an increased incidence among Ashkenazi Jews and French Canadians in eastern Quebec. It exists in several forms: infantile (most common and most severe), juvenile and adult (late onset).[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] [HEXB_HUMAN] Defects in HEXB are the cause of GM2-gangliosidosis type 2 (GM2G2) [MIM:268800]; also known as Sandhoff disease. GM2-gangliosidosis is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease marked by the accumulation of GM2 gangliosides in the neuronal cells. GM2G2 is clinically indistinguishable from GM2-gangliosidosis type 1, presenting startle reactions, early blindness, progressive motor and mental deterioration, macrocephaly and cherry-red spots on the macula.[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]
Function
[HEXA_HUMAN] Responsible for the degradation of GM2 gangliosides, and a variety of other molecules containing terminal N-acetyl hexosamines, in the brain and other tissues. The form B is active against certain oligosaccharides. The form S has no measurable activity. [HEXB_HUMAN] Responsible for the degradation of GM2 gangliosides, and a variety of other molecules containing terminal N-acetyl hexosamines, in the brain and other tissues.
Evolutionary Conservation
Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf.
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Lysosomal beta-hexosaminidase A (Hex A) is essential for the degradation of GM2 gangliosides in the central and peripheral nervous system. Accumulation of GM2 leads to severely debilitating neurodegeneration associated with Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), Sandoff disease (SD) and AB variant. Here, we present the X-ray crystallographic structure of Hex A to 2.8 A resolution and the structure of Hex A in complex with NAG-thiazoline, (NGT) to 3.25 A resolution. NGT, a mechanism-based inhibitor, has been shown to act as a chemical chaperone that, to some extent, prevents misfolding of a Hex A mutant associated with adult onset Tay Sachs disease and, as a result, increases the residual activity of Hex A to a level above the critical threshold for disease. The crystal structure of Hex A reveals an alphabeta heterodimer, with each subunit having a functional active site. Only the alpha-subunit active site can hydrolyze GM2 gangliosides due to a flexible loop structure that is removed post-translationally from beta, and to the presence of alphaAsn423 and alphaArg424. The loop structure is involved in binding the GM2 activator protein, while alphaArg424 is critical for binding the carboxylate group of the N-acetyl-neuraminic acid residue of GM2. The beta-subunit lacks these key residues and has betaAsp452 and betaLeu453 in their place; the beta-subunit therefore cleaves only neutral substrates efficiently. Mutations in the alpha-subunit, associated with TSD, and those in the beta-subunit, associated with SD are discussed. The effect of NGT binding in the active site of a mutant Hex A and its effect on protein function is discussed.
Crystallographic structure of human beta-hexosaminidase A: interpretation of Tay-Sachs mutations and loss of GM2 ganglioside hydrolysis.,Lemieux MJ, Mark BL, Cherney MM, Withers SG, Mahuran DJ, James MN J Mol Biol. 2006 Jun 16;359(4):913-29. Epub 2006 Apr 27. PMID:16698036[33]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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↑Navon R, Proia RL. The mutations in Ashkenazi Jews with adult GM2 gangliosidosis, the adult form of Tay-Sachs disease. Science. 1989 Mar 17;243(4897):1471-4. PMID:2522679
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↑Akli S, Chelly J, Lacorte JM, Poenaru L, Kahn A. Seven novel Tay-Sachs mutations detected by chemical mismatch cleavage of PCR-amplified cDNA fragments. Genomics. 1991 Sep;11(1):124-34. PMID:1837283
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↑Fernandes M, Kaplan F, Natowicz M, Prence E, Kolodny E, Kaback M, Hechtman P. A new Tay-Sachs disease B1 allele in exon 7 in two compound heterozygotes each with a second novel mutation. Hum Mol Genet. 1992 Dec;1(9):759-61. PMID:1302612
↑Trop I, Kaplan F, Brown C, Mahuran D, Hechtman P. A glycine250--> aspartate substitution in the alpha-subunit of hexosaminidase A causes juvenile-onset Tay-Sachs disease in a Lebanese-Canadian family. Hum Mutat. 1992;1(1):35-9. PMID:1301189 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/humu.1380010106
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↑Triggs-Raine B, Richard M, Wasel N, Prence EM, Natowicz MR. Mutational analyses of Tay-Sachs disease: studies on Tay-Sachs carriers of French Canadian background living in New England. Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Apr;56(4):870-9. PMID:7717398
↑Peleg L, Meltzer F, Karpati M, Goldman B. GM2 gangliosidosis B1 variant: biochemical and molecular characterization of hexosaminidase A. Biochem Mol Med. 1995 Apr;54(2):126-32. PMID:8581357
↑Navon R, Khosravi R, Korczyn T, Masson M, Sonnino S, Fardeau M, Eymard B, Lefevre M, Turpin JC, Rondot P, et al.. A new mutation in the HEXA gene associated with a spinal muscular atrophy phenotype. Neurology. 1995 Mar;45(3 Pt 1):539-43. PMID:7898712
↑De Gasperi R, Gama Sosa MA, Battistini S, Yeretsian J, Raghavan S, Zelnik N, Leshinsky E, Kolodny EH. Late-onset GM2 gangliosidosis: Ashkenazi Jewish family with an exon 5 mutation (Tyr180-->His) in the Hex A alpha-chain gene. Neurology. 1996 Aug;47(2):547-52. PMID:8757036
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↑Tanaka A, Hoang LT, Nishi Y, Maniwa S, Oka M, Yamano T. Different attenuated phenotypes of GM2 gangliosidosis variant B in Japanese patients with HEXA mutations at codon 499, and five novel mutations responsible for infantile acute form. J Hum Genet. 2003;48(11):571-4. Epub 2003 Oct 18. PMID:14566483 doi:10.1007/s10038-003-0080-9
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↑Wakamatsu N, Kobayashi H, Miyatake T, Tsuji S. A novel exon mutation in the human beta-hexosaminidase beta subunit gene affects 3' splice site selection. J Biol Chem. 1992 Feb 5;267(4):2406-13. PMID:1531140
↑Bolhuis PA, Ponne NJ, Bikker H, Baas F, Vianney de Jong JM. Molecular basis of an adult form of Sandhoff disease: substitution of glutamine for arginine at position 505 of the beta-chain of beta-hexosaminidase results in a labile enzyme. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993 Sep 8;1182(2):142-6. PMID:8357844
↑Kuroki Y, Itoh K, Nadaoka Y, Tanaka T, Sakuraba H. A novel missense mutation (C522Y) is present in the beta-hexosaminidase beta-subunit gene of a Japanese patient with infantile Sandhoff disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Jul 17;212(2):564-71. PMID:7626071 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1995.2007
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↑Zhang ZX, Wakamatsu N, Akerman BR, Mules EH, Thomas GH, Gravel RA. A second, large deletion in the HEXB gene in a patient with infantile Sandhoff disease. Hum Mol Genet. 1995 Apr;4(4):777-80. PMID:7633435
↑Redonnet-Vernhet I, Mahuran DJ, Salvayre R, Dubas F, Levade T. Significance of two point mutations present in each HEXB allele of patients with adult GM2 gangliosidosis (Sandhoff disease) homozygosity for the Ile207-->Val substitution is not associated with a clinical or biochemical phenotype. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1996 Nov 15;1317(2):127-33. PMID:8950198
↑Fujimaru M, Tanaka A, Choeh K, Wakamatsu N, Sakuraba H, Isshiki G. Two mutations remote from an exon/intron junction in the beta-hexosaminidase beta-subunit gene affect 3'-splice site selection and cause Sandhoff disease. Hum Genet. 1998 Oct;103(4):462-9. PMID:9856491
↑Hou Y, McInnes B, Hinek A, Karpati G, Mahuran D. A Pro504 --> Ser substitution in the beta-subunit of beta-hexosaminidase A inhibits alpha-subunit hydrolysis of GM2 ganglioside, resulting in chronic Sandhoff disease. J Biol Chem. 1998 Aug 14;273(33):21386-92. PMID:9694901
↑Lemieux MJ, Mark BL, Cherney MM, Withers SG, Mahuran DJ, James MN. Crystallographic structure of human beta-hexosaminidase A: interpretation of Tay-Sachs mutations and loss of GM2 ganglioside hydrolysis. J Mol Biol. 2006 Jun 16;359(4):913-29. Epub 2006 Apr 27. PMID:16698036 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2006.04.004
