| Structural highlights
Disease
[NF1_HUMAN] Defects in NF1 are the cause of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) [MIM:162200]; also known as von Recklinghausen syndrome. A disease characterized by patches of skin pigmentation (cafe-au-lait spots), Lisch nodules of the iris, tumors in the peripheral nervous system and fibromatous skin tumors. Individuals with the disorder have increased susceptibility to the development of benign and malignant tumors.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] Defects in NF1 are a cause of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) [MIM:607785]. JMML is a pediatric myelodysplastic syndrome that constitutes approximately 30% of childhood cases of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and 2% of leukemia. Germline mutations of NF1 account for the association of JMML with type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1). Defects in NF1 are the cause of Watson syndrome (WS) [MIM:193520]. WS is characterized by the presence of pulmonary stenosis, cafe-au-lait spots, and mental retardation. WS is considered as an atypical form of NF1. Defects in NF1 are a cause of familial spinal neurofibromatosis (FSNF) [MIM:162210]. Familial spinal NF is considered to be an alternative form of neurofibromatosis, showing multiple spinal tumors.[30] Defects in NF1 are a cause of neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome (NFNS) [MIM:601321]. NFNS is characterized by manifestations of both NF1 and Noonan syndrome (NS). NS is a disorder characterized by dysmorphic facial features, short stature, hypertelorism, cardiac anomalies, deafness, motor delay, and a bleeding diathesis.[31] [32] [33] Defects in NF1 may be a cause of colorectal cancer (CRC) [MIM:114500].
Function
[NF1_HUMAN] Stimulates the GTPase activity of Ras. NF1 shows greater affinity for Ras GAP, but lower specific activity. May be a regulator of Ras activity.[34]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
The autosomal dominant monogenetic disease neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) affects approximately one in 3,000 individuals and is caused by mutations in the NF1 tumour suppressor gene, leading to dysfunction in the protein neurofibromin (Nf1)(1,2). As a GTPase-activating protein, a key function of Nf1 is repression of the Ras oncogene signalling cascade. We determined the human Nf1 dimer structure at an overall resolution of 3.3 A. The cryo-electron microscopy structure reveals domain organization and structural details of the Nf1 exon 23a splicing(3) isoform 2 in a closed, self-inhibited, Zn-stabilized state and an open state. In the closed conformation, HEAT/ARM core domains shield the GTPase-activating protein-related domain (GRD) so that Ras binding is sterically inhibited. In a distinctly different, open conformation of one protomer, a large-scale movement of the GRD occurs, which is necessary to access Ras, whereas Sec14-PH reorients to allow interaction with the cellular membrane(4). Zn incubation of Nf1 leads to reduced Ras-GAP activity with both protomers in the self-inhibited, closed conformation stabilized by a Zn binding site between the N-HEAT/ARM domain and the GRD-Sec14-PH linker. The transition between closed, self-inhibited states of Nf1 and open states provides guidance for targeted studies deciphering the complex molecular mechanism behind the widespread neurofibromatosis syndrome and Nf1 dysfunction in carcinogenesis.
The structure of neurofibromin isoform 2 reveals different functional states.,Naschberger A, Baradaran R, Rupp B, Carroni M Nature. 2021 Nov;599(7884):315-319. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04024-x. Epub 2021, Oct 27. PMID:34707296[35]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
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- ↑ Abernathy CR, Colman SD, Kousseff BG, Wallace MR. Two NF1 mutations: frameshift in the GAP-related domain, and loss of two codons toward the 3' end of the gene. Hum Mutat. 1994;3(4):347-52. PMID:8081387 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/humu.1380030404
- ↑ Upadhyaya M, Maynard J, Osborn M, Huson SM, Ponder M, Ponder BA, Harper PS. Characterisation of germline mutations in the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) gene. J Med Genet. 1995 Sep;32(9):706-10. PMID:8544190
- ↑ Gasparini P, D'Agruma L, Pio de Cillis G, Balestrazzi P, Mingarelli R, Zelante L. Scanning the first part of the neurofibromatosis type 1 gene by RNA-SSCP: identification of three novel mutations and of two new polymorphisms. Hum Genet. 1996 Apr;97(4):492-5. PMID:8834249
- ↑ Wu R, Legius E, Robberecht W, Dumoulin M, Cassiman JJ, Fryns JP. Neurofibromatosis type I gene mutation in a patient with features of LEOPARD syndrome. Hum Mutat. 1996;8(1):51-6. PMID:8807336 doi:<51::AID-HUMU7>3.0.CO;2-S 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1996)8:1<51::AID-HUMU7>3.0.CO;2-S
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- ↑ Maynard J, Krawczak M, Upadhyaya M. Characterization and significance of nine novel mutations in exon 16 of the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) gene. Hum Genet. 1997 May;99(5):674-6. PMID:9150739
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- ↑ Upadhyaya M, Maynard J, Osborn M, Harper PS. Six novel mutations in the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) gene. Hum Mutat. 1997;10(3):248-50. PMID:9298829 doi:<248::AID-HUMU14>3.0.CO;2-# 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1997)10:3<248::AID-HUMU14>3.0.CO;2-#
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- ↑ Krkljus S, Abernathy CR, Johnson JS, Williams CA, Driscoll DJ, Zori R, Stalker HJ, Rasmussen SA, Collins FS, Kousseff BG, Baumbach L, Wallace MR. Analysis of CpG C-to-T mutations in neurofibromatosis type 1. Mutations in brief no. 129. Online. Hum Mutat. 1998;11(5):411. PMID:10336779 doi:<411::AID-HUMU11>3.0.CO;2-2 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1998)11:5<411::AID-HUMU11>3.0.CO;2-2
- ↑ Messiaen LM, Callens T, Roux KJ, Mortier GR, De Paepe A, Abramowicz M, Pericak-Vance MA, Vance JM, Wallace MR. Exon 10b of the NF1 gene represents a mutational hotspot and harbors a recurrent missense mutation Y489C associated with aberrant splicing. Genet Med. 1999 Sep-Oct;1(6):248-53. PMID:11258625
- ↑ Peters H, Hess D, Fahsold R, Schulke M. A novel mutation L1425P in the GAP-region of the NF1 gene detected by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE). Mutation in brief no. 230. Online. Hum Mutat. 1999;13(4):337. PMID:10220149 doi:<337::AID-HUMU13>3.0.CO;2-C 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1999)13:4<337::AID-HUMU13>3.0.CO;2-C
- ↑ Fahsold R, Hoffmeyer S, Mischung C, Gille C, Ehlers C, Kucukceylan N, Abdel-Nour M, Gewies A, Peters H, Kaufmann D, Buske A, Tinschert S, Nurnberg P. Minor lesion mutational spectrum of the entire NF1 gene does not explain its high mutability but points to a functional domain upstream of the GAP-related domain. Am J Hum Genet. 2000 Mar;66(3):790-818. PMID:10712197 doi:10.1086/302809
- ↑ Ars E, Serra E, Garcia J, Kruyer H, Gaona A, Lazaro C, Estivill X. Mutations affecting mRNA splicing are the most common molecular defects in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1. Hum Mol Genet. 2000 Jan 22;9(2):237-47. PMID:10607834
- ↑ Girodon-Boulandet E, Pantel J, Cazeneuve C, Gijn MV, Vidaud D, Lemay S, Martin J, Zeller J, Revuz J, Goossens M, Amselem S, Wolkenstein P. NF1 gene analysis focused on CpG-rich exons in a cohort of 93 patients with neurofibromatosis type 1. Hum Mutat. 2000 Sep;16(3):274-5. PMID:10980545
- ↑ Han SS, Cooper DN, Upadhyaya MN. Evaluation of denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) for the mutational analysis of the neurofibromatosis type 1 ( NF1) gene. Hum Genet. 2001 Nov;109(5):487-97. Epub 2001 Oct 11. PMID:11735023 doi:10.1007/s004390100594
- ↑ Kluwe L, Friedrich RE, Korf B, Fahsold R, Mautner VF. NF1 mutations in neurofibromatosis 1 patients with plexiform neurofibromas. Hum Mutat. 2002 Mar;19(3):309. PMID:11857752 doi:10.1002/humu.9018
- ↑ Wang Q, Montmain G, Ruano E, Upadhyaya M, Dudley S, Liskay RM, Thibodeau SN, Puisieux A. Neurofibromatosis type 1 gene as a mutational target in a mismatch repair-deficient cell type. Hum Genet. 2003 Feb;112(2):117-23. Epub 2002 Nov 21. PMID:12522551 doi:10.1007/s00439-002-0858-4
- ↑ De Luca A, Buccino A, Gianni D, Mangino M, Giustini S, Richetta A, Divona L, Calvieri S, Mingarelli R, Dallapiccola B. NF1 gene analysis based on DHPLC. Hum Mutat. 2003 Feb;21(2):171-2. PMID:12552569 doi:10.1002/humu.9111
- ↑ Kluwe L, Tatagiba M, Funsterer C, Mautner VF. NF1 mutations and clinical spectrum in patients with spinal neurofibromas. J Med Genet. 2003 May;40(5):368-71. PMID:12746402
- ↑ Zatkova A, Messiaen L, Vandenbroucke I, Wieser R, Fonatsch C, Krainer AR, Wimmer K. Disruption of exonic splicing enhancer elements is the principal cause of exon skipping associated with seven nonsense or missense alleles of NF1. Hum Mutat. 2004 Dec;24(6):491-501. PMID:15523642 doi:10.1002/humu.20103
- ↑ De Luca A, Schirinzi A, Buccino A, Bottillo I, Sinibaldi L, Torrente I, Ciavarella A, Dottorini T, Porciello R, Giustini S, Calvieri S, Dallapiccola B. Novel and recurrent mutations in the NF1 gene in Italian patients with neurofibromatosis type 1. Hum Mutat. 2004 Jun;23(6):629. PMID:15146469 doi:10.1002/humu.9245
- ↑ Mattocks C, Baralle D, Tarpey P, ffrench-Constant C, Bobrow M, Whittaker J. Automated comparative sequence analysis identifies mutations in 89% of NF1 patients and confirms a mutation cluster in exons 11-17 distinct from the GAP related domain. J Med Genet. 2004 Apr;41(4):e48. PMID:15060124
- ↑ Ferner RE, Hughes RA, Hall SM, Upadhyaya M, Johnson MR. Neurofibromatous neuropathy in neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1). J Med Genet. 2004 Nov;41(11):837-41. PMID:15520408 doi:10.1136/jmg.2004.021683
- ↑ Bertola DR, Pereira AC, Passetti F, de Oliveira PS, Messiaen L, Gelb BD, Kim CA, Krieger JE. Neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome: molecular evidence of the concurrence of both disorders in a patient. Am J Med Genet A. 2005 Jul 30;136(3):242-5. PMID:15948193 doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.30813
- ↑ Ponti G, Losi L, Martorana D, Priola M, Boni E, Pollio A, Neri TM, Seidenari S. Clinico-pathological and biomolecular findings in Italian patients with multiple cutaneous neurofibromas. Hered Cancer Clin Pract. 2011 Aug 12;9:6. doi: 10.1186/1897-4287-9-6. PMID:21838856 doi:10.1186/1897-4287-9-6
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- ↑ Baralle D, Mattocks C, Kalidas K, Elmslie F, Whittaker J, Lees M, Ragge N, Patton MA, Winter RM, ffrench-Constant C. Different mutations in the NF1 gene are associated with Neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome (NFNS). Am J Med Genet A. 2003 May 15;119A(1):1-8. PMID:12707950 doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.20023
- ↑ De Luca A, Bottillo I, Sarkozy A, Carta C, Neri C, Bellacchio E, Schirinzi A, Conti E, Zampino G, Battaglia A, Majore S, Rinaldi MM, Carella M, Marino B, Pizzuti A, Digilio MC, Tartaglia M, Dallapiccola B. NF1 gene mutations represent the major molecular event underlying neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2005 Dec;77(6):1092-101. Epub 2005 Oct 26. PMID:16380919 doi:S0002-9297(07)63392-8
- ↑ Nystrom AM, Ekvall S, Allanson J, Edeby C, Elinder M, Holmstrom G, Bondeson ML, Anneren G. Noonan syndrome and neurofibromatosis type I in a family with a novel mutation in NF1. Clin Genet. 2009 Dec;76(6):524-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01233.x. Epub, 2009 Oct 21. PMID:19845691 doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01233.x
- ↑ Ballester R, Marchuk D, Boguski M, Saulino A, Letcher R, Wigler M, Collins F. The NF1 locus encodes a protein functionally related to mammalian GAP and yeast IRA proteins. Cell. 1990 Nov 16;63(4):851-9. PMID:2121371
- ↑ Naschberger A, Baradaran R, Rupp B, Carroni M. The structure of neurofibromin isoform 2 reveals different functional states. Nature. 2021 Nov;599(7884):315-319. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04024-x. Epub 2021, Oct 27. PMID:34707296 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04024-x
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