3ufj | pdb_00003ufj
Human Thymine DNA Glycosylase Bound to Substrate Analog 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine
Structural highlights
Function[TDG_HUMAN] In the DNA of higher eukaryotes, hydrolytic deamination of 5-methylcytosine to thymine leads to the formation of G/T mismatches. This enzyme corrects G/T mispairs to G/C pairs. It is capable of hydrolyzing the carbon-nitrogen bond between the sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA and a mispaired thymine. In addition to the G/T, it can remove thymine also from C/T and T/T mispairs in the order G/T >> C/T > T/T. It has no detectable activity on apyrimidinic sites and does not catalyze the removal of thymine from A/T pairs or from single-stranded DNA. It can also remove uracil and 5-bromouracil from mispairs with guanine. Publication Abstract from PubMedDNA base excision repair is essential for maintaining genomic integrity and for active DNA demethylation, a central element of epigenetic regulation. A key player is thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG), which excises thymine from mutagenic G.T mispairs that arise by deamination of 5-methylcytosine (mC). TDG also removes 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine, oxidized forms of mC produced by Tet enzymes. Recent studies show that the glycosylase activity of TDG is essential for active DNA demethylation and for embryonic development. Our understanding of how repair enzymes excise modified bases without acting on undamaged DNA remains incomplete, particularly for mismatch glycosylases such as TDG. We solved a crystal structure of TDG (catalytic domain) bound to a substrate analog and characterized active-site residues by mutagenesis, kinetics, and molecular dynamics simulations. The studies reveal how TDG binds and positions the nucleophile (water) and uncover a previously unrecognized catalytic residue (Thr197). Remarkably, mutation of two active-site residues (Ala145 and His151) causes a dramatic enhancement in G.T glycosylase activity but confers even greater increases in the aberrant removal of thymine from normal A.T base pairs. The strict conservation of these residues may reflect a mechanism used to strike a tolerable balance between the requirement for efficient repair of G.T lesions and the need to minimize aberrant action on undamaged DNA, which can be mutagenic and cytotoxic. Such a compromise in G.T activity can account in part for the relatively weak G.T activity of TDG, a trait that could potentially contribute to the hypermutability of CpG sites in cancer and genetic disease. Lesion processing by a repair enzyme is severely curtailed by residues needed to prevent aberrant activity on undamaged DNA.,Maiti A, Noon MS, Mackerell AD Jr, Pozharski E, Drohat AC Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 May 9. PMID:22573813[1] From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. See AlsoReferences
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