| Structural highlights
Function
[APEX1_HUMAN] Multifunctional protein that plays a central role in the cellular response to oxidative stress. The two major activities of APEX1 in DNA repair and redox regulation of transcriptional factors. Functions as a apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endodeoxyribonuclease in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway of DNA lesions induced by oxidative and alkylating agents. Initiates repair of AP sites in DNA by catalyzing hydrolytic incision of the phosphodiester backbone immediately adjacent to the damage, generating a single-strand break with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl ends. Does also incise at AP sites in the DNA strand of DNA/RNA hybrids, single-stranded DNA regions of R-loop structures, and single-stranded RNA molecules. Has a 3'-5' exoribonuclease activity on mismatched deoxyribonucleotides at the 3' termini of nicked or gapped DNA molecules during short-patch BER. Possesses a DNA 3' phosphodiesterase activity capable of removing lesions (such as phosphoglycolate) blocking the 3' side of DNA strand breaks. May also play a role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression by participating in DNA demethylation. Acts as a loading factor for POLB onto non-incised AP sites in DNA and stimulates the 5'-terminal deoxyribose 5'-phosphate (dRp) excision activity of POLB. Plays a role in the protection from granzymes-mediated cellular repair leading to cell death. Also involved in the DNA cleavage step of class switch recombination (CSR). On the other hand, APEX1 also exerts reversible nuclear redox activity to regulate DNA binding affinity and transcriptional activity of transcriptional factors by controlling the redox status of their DNA-binding domain, such as the FOS/JUN AP-1 complex after exposure to IR. Involved in calcium-dependent down-regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) expression by binding to negative calcium response elements (nCaREs). Together with HNRNPL or the dimer XRCC5/XRCC6, associates with nCaRE, acting as an activator of transcriptional repression. Stimulates the YBX1-mediated MDR1 promoter activity, when acetylated at Lys-6 and Lys-7, leading to drug resistance. Acts also as an endoribonuclease involved in the control of single-stranded RNA metabolism. Plays a role in regulating MYC mRNA turnover by preferentially cleaving in between UA and CA dinucleotides of the MYC coding region determinant (CRD). In association with NMD1, plays a role in the rRNA quality control process during cell cycle progression. Associates, together with YBX1, on the MDR1 promoter. Together with NPM1, associates with rRNA. Binds DNA and RNA.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Reactive oxygen species attack the structure of DNA, thus altering its base-pairing properties. Consequently, oxidative stress-associated DNA lesions are a major source of the mutation load that gives rise to cancer and other diseases. Base excision repair (BER) is the pathway primarily tasked with repairing DNA base damage, with apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE1) having both AP-endonuclease and 3' to 5' exonuclease (exo) DNA cleavage functions. The lesion 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG) can enter the genome as either a product of direct damage to the DNA, or through polymerase insertion at the 3'-end of a DNA strand during replication or repair. Importantly, 3'-8-oxoG impairs the ligation step of BER and therefore must be removed by the exo activity of a surrogate enzyme to prevent double stranded breaks and cell death. In the present study, we use X-ray crystallography to characterize the exo activity of APE1 on 3'-8-oxoG substrates. These structures support a unified APE1 exo mechanism that differs from its more canonical AP-endonuclease activity. In addition, through complementation of the structural data with enzyme kinetics and binding studies employing both wild-type and rationally designed APE1 mutants, we were able to identify and characterize unique protein: DNA contacts that specifically mediate 8-oxoG removal by APE1.
Processing oxidatively damaged bases at DNA strand breaks by APE1.,Whitaker AM, Stark WJ, Freudenthal BD Nucleic Acids Res. 2022 Aug 26. pii: 6677331. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkac695. PMID:36018803[26]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
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- ↑ Walker LJ, Robson CN, Black E, Gillespie D, Hickson ID. Identification of residues in the human DNA repair enzyme HAP1 (Ref-1) that are essential for redox regulation of Jun DNA binding. Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Sep;13(9):5370-6. PMID:8355688
- ↑ Chung U, Igarashi T, Nishishita T, Iwanari H, Iwamatsu A, Suwa A, Mimori T, Hata K, Ebisu S, Ogata E, Fujita T, Okazaki T. The interaction between Ku antigen and REF1 protein mediates negative gene regulation by extracellular calcium. J Biol Chem. 1996 Apr 12;271(15):8593-8. PMID:8621488
- ↑ Rothwell DG, Hickson ID. Asparagine 212 is essential for abasic site recognition by the human DNA repair endonuclease HAP1. Nucleic Acids Res. 1996 Nov 1;24(21):4217-21. PMID:8932375
- ↑ Hirota K, Matsui M, Iwata S, Nishiyama A, Mori K, Yodoi J. AP-1 transcriptional activity is regulated by a direct association between thioredoxin and Ref-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Apr 15;94(8):3633-8. PMID:9108029
- ↑ Bennett RA, Wilson DM 3rd, Wong D, Demple B. Interaction of human apurinic endonuclease and DNA polymerase beta in the base excision repair pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Jul 8;94(14):7166-9. PMID:9207062
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- ↑ Fritz G, Kaina B. Phosphorylation of the DNA repair protein APE/REF-1 by CKII affects redox regulation of AP-1. Oncogene. 1999 Jan 28;18(4):1033-40. PMID:10023679 doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1202394
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- ↑ Hsieh MM, Hegde V, Kelley MR, Deutsch WA. Activation of APE/Ref-1 redox activity is mediated by reactive oxygen species and PKC phosphorylation. Nucleic Acids Res. 2001 Jul 15;29(14):3116-22. PMID:11452037
- ↑ Chou KM, Cheng YC. An exonucleolytic activity of human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease on 3' mispaired DNA. Nature. 2002 Feb 7;415(6872):655-9. PMID:11832948 doi:10.1038/415655a
- ↑ Kuninger DT, Izumi T, Papaconstantinou J, Mitra S. Human AP-endonuclease 1 and hnRNP-L interact with a nCaRE-like repressor element in the AP-endonuclease 1 promoter. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Feb 1;30(3):823-9. PMID:11809897
- ↑ Chattopadhyay R, Wiederhold L, Szczesny B, Boldogh I, Hazra TK, Izumi T, Mitra S. Identification and characterization of mitochondrial abasic (AP)-endonuclease in mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006 Apr 14;34(7):2067-76. Print 2006. PMID:16617147 doi:10.1093/nar/gkl177
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- ↑ Guo Y, Chen J, Zhao T, Fan Z. Granzyme K degrades the redox/DNA repair enzyme Ape1 to trigger oxidative stress of target cells leading to cytotoxicity. Mol Immunol. 2008 Apr;45(8):2225-35. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.11.020. Epub 2008, Jan 7. PMID:18179823 doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2007.11.020
- ↑ Georgiadis MM, Luo M, Gaur RK, Delaplane S, Li X, Kelley MR. Evolution of the redox function in mammalian apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease. Mutat Res. 2008 Aug 25;643(1-2):54-63. Epub 2008 May 18. PMID:18579163 doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2008.04.008
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- ↑ Barnes T, Kim WC, Mantha AK, Kim SE, Izumi T, Mitra S, Lee CH. Identification of Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) as the endoribonuclease that cleaves c-myc mRNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009 Jul;37(12):3946-58. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp275. Epub 2009, Apr 28. PMID:19401441 doi:10.1093/nar/gkp275
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- ↑ Fantini D, Vascotto C, Marasco D, D'Ambrosio C, Romanello M, Vitagliano L, Pedone C, Poletto M, Cesaratto L, Quadrifoglio F, Scaloni A, Radicella JP, Tell G. Critical lysine residues within the overlooked N-terminal domain of human APE1 regulate its biological functions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Dec;38(22):8239-56. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkq691. Epub 2010, Aug 10. PMID:20699270 doi:10.1093/nar/gkq691
- ↑ Guo JU, Su Y, Zhong C, Ming GL, Song H. Hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine by TET1 promotes active DNA demethylation in the adult brain. Cell. 2011 Apr 29;145(3):423-34. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.03.022. Epub 2011 Apr, 14. PMID:21496894 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.03.022
- ↑ Kim WC, Berquist BR, Chohan M, Uy C, Wilson DM 3rd, Lee CH. Characterization of the endoribonuclease active site of human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1. J Mol Biol. 2011 Sep 2;411(5):960-71. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.06.050. Epub 2011, Jul 6. PMID:21762700 doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2011.06.050
- ↑ Whitaker AM, Stark WJ, Freudenthal BD. Processing oxidatively damaged bases at DNA strand breaks by APE1. Nucleic Acids Res. 2022 Aug 26. pii: 6677331. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkac695. PMID:36018803 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkac695
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