4im8 | pdb_00004im8
low resolution crystal structure of mouse RAGE
Structural highlights
FunctionRAGE_MOUSE Mediates interactions of advanced glycosylation end products (AGE). These are nonenzymatically glycosylated proteins which accumulate in vascular tissue in aging and at an accelerated rate in diabetes. Acts as a mediator of both acute and chronic vascular inflammation in conditions such as atherosclerosis and in particular as a complication of diabetes. AGE/RAGE signaling plays an important role in regulating the production/expression of TNF-alpha, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Interaction with S100A12 on endothelium, mononuclear phagocytes, and lymphocytes triggers cellular activation, with generation of key pro-inflammatory mediators. Interaction with S100B after myocardial infarction may play a role in myocyte apoptosis by activating ERK1/2 and p53/TP53 signaling. Can also bind oligonucleotides. Receptor for amyloid beta peptide. Contributes to the translocation of amyloid-beta peptide (ABPP) across the cell membrane from the extracellular to the intracellular space in cortical neurons. ABPP-initiated RAGE signaling, especially stimulation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), has the capacity to drive a transport system delivering ABPP as a complex with RAGE to the intraneuronal space. RAGE-dependent signaling in microglia contributes to neuroinflammation, amyloid accumulation, and impaired learning/memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease.[1] [2] [3] [4] Is able to advanced glycosylation end product (AGE)-induce nuclear factor NF-kappa-B activation.[5] Down-regulates receptor for advanced glycosylation end products (RAGE)-ligand induced signaling through various MAPK pathways including ERK1/2, p38 and SAPK/JNK. Significantly affects tumor cell properties through decreasing cell migration, invasion, adhesion and proliferation, and increasing cellular apoptosis. Exhibits drastic inhibition on tumorigenesis in vitro.[6] Publication Abstract from PubMedRAGE (Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products) has emerged as a major receptor that mediates vascular inflammation. Signaling through RAGE by damage-associated molecular pattern molecules often leads to uncontrolled inflammation that exacerbates the impact of the underlying disease. Oligomerization of RAGE is believed to play an essential role in signal transduction, but the molecular mechanism of oligomerization remains elusive. Here we report that RAGE activation of Erk1/2 phosphorylation on endothelial cells in response to a number of ligands depends on a mechanism that involves heparan sulfate-induced hexamerization of the RAGE extracellular domain. Structural studies of the extracellular V-C1 domain-dodecasaccharide complex by X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering revealed that the hexamer consists of a trimer of dimers, with a stoichiometry of 2:1 RAGE:dodecasaccharide. Mutagenesis studies mapped the heparan sulfate binding site and the interfacial surface between the monomers and demonstrated that electrostatic interactions with heparan sulfate and intermonomer hydrophobic interactions work in concert to stabilize the dimer. The importance of oligomerization was demonstrated by inhibition of signaling with a new epitope-defined monoclonal antibody that specifically targets oligomerization. These findings indicate that RAGE-heparan sulfate oligomeric complexes are essential for signaling and that interfering with RAGE oligomerization might be of therapeutic value. Stable RAGE-Heparan Sulfate Complexes Are Essential for Signal Transduction.,Xu D, Young JH, Krahn JM, Song D, Corbett KD, Chazin WJ, Pedersen LC, Esko JD ACS Chem Biol. 2013 May 28. PMID:23679870[7] From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. References
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