8cpj | pdb_00008cpj
Crystal structure of PPAR gamma (PPARG) in an inactive form
Structural highlights
DiseasePPARG_HUMAN Note=Defects in PPARG can lead to type 2 insulin-resistant diabetes and hyptertension. PPARG mutations may be associated with colon cancer. Defects in PPARG may be associated with susceptibility to obesity (OBESITY) [MIM:601665. It is a condition characterized by an increase of body weight beyond the limitation of skeletal and physical requirements, as the result of excessive accumulation of body fat.[1] Defects in PPARG are the cause of familial partial lipodystrophy type 3 (FPLD3) [MIM:604367. Familial partial lipodystrophies (FPLD) are a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders characterized by marked loss of subcutaneous (sc) fat from the extremities. Affected individuals show an increased preponderance of insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia.[2] [3] Genetic variations in PPARG can be associated with susceptibility to glioma type 1 (GLM1) [MIM:137800. Gliomas are central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells and comprise astrocytomas, glioblastoma multiforme, oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas. Note=Polymorphic PPARG alleles have been found to be significantly over-represented among a cohort of American patients with sporadic glioblastoma multiforme suggesting a possible contribution to disease susceptibility. FunctionPPARG_HUMAN Receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the receptor binds to a promoter element in the gene for acyl-CoA oxidase and activates its transcription. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. Acts as a critical regulator of gut homeostasis by suppressing NF-kappa-B-mediated proinflammatory responses.[4] [5] [6] Publication Abstract from PubMedThe lipid-sensing transcription factor PPARgamma is the target of antidiabetic thiazolidinediones (TZD). At two sites within its ligand binding domain, it also binds oxidized vitamin E metabolites and the vitamin E mimetic garcinoic acid. While the canonical interaction within the TZD binding site mediates classical PPARgamma activation, the effects of the second binding on PPARgamma activity remain elusive. Here, we identified an agonist mimicking dual binding of vitamin E metabolites and developed a selective ligand of the second site, unveiling potential noncanonical regulation of PPARgamma activities. We found that this alternative binding event can simultaneously occur with orthosteric ligands and it exerted different effects on PPARgamma-cofactor interactions compared to both orthosteric PPARgamma agonists and antagonists, indicating the diverse roles of the two binding sites. Alternative site binding lacked the pro-adipogenic effect of TZD and mediated no classical PPAR signaling in differential gene expression analysis but markedly diminished FOXO signaling, suggesting potential therapeutic applications. Targeting the Alternative Vitamin E Metabolite Binding Site Enables Noncanonical PPARgamma Modulation.,Arifi S, Marschner JA, Pollinger J, Isigkeit L, Heitel P, Kaiser A, Obeser L, Hofner G, Proschak E, Knapp S, Chaikuad A, Heering J, Merk D J Am Chem Soc. 2023 Jun 29. doi: 10.1021/jacs.3c03417. PMID:37385602[7] From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. References
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