6dha | pdb_00006dha
Crystal Structure of Human PPARgamma Ligand Binding Domain in Complex with Hydroxy Pioglitazone (M-IV)
Structural highlights
DiseasePPARG_HUMAN Note=Defects in PPARG can lead to type 2 insulin-resistant diabetes and hyptertension. PPARG mutations may be associated with colon cancer. Defects in PPARG may be associated with susceptibility to obesity (OBESITY) [MIM:601665. It is a condition characterized by an increase of body weight beyond the limitation of skeletal and physical requirements, as the result of excessive accumulation of body fat.[1] Defects in PPARG are the cause of familial partial lipodystrophy type 3 (FPLD3) [MIM:604367. Familial partial lipodystrophies (FPLD) are a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders characterized by marked loss of subcutaneous (sc) fat from the extremities. Affected individuals show an increased preponderance of insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia.[2] [3] Genetic variations in PPARG can be associated with susceptibility to glioma type 1 (GLM1) [MIM:137800. Gliomas are central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells and comprise astrocytomas, glioblastoma multiforme, oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas. Note=Polymorphic PPARG alleles have been found to be significantly over-represented among a cohort of American patients with sporadic glioblastoma multiforme suggesting a possible contribution to disease susceptibility. FunctionPPARG_HUMAN Receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the receptor binds to a promoter element in the gene for acyl-CoA oxidase and activates its transcription. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. Acts as a critical regulator of gut homeostasis by suppressing NF-kappa-B-mediated proinflammatory responses.[4] [5] [6] Publication Abstract from PubMedPioglitazone (Pio) is a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for type-2 diabetes that binds and activates the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), yet it remains unclear how in vivo Pio metabolites affect PPARgamma structure and function. Here, we present a structure-function comparison of Pio and its most abundant in vivo metabolite, 1-hydroxypioglitazone (PioOH). PioOH displayed a lower binding affinity and reduced potency in co-regulator recruitment assays. X-ray crystallography and molecular docking analysis of PioOH-bound PPARgamma ligand-binding domain revealed an altered hydrogen bonding network, including the formation of water-mediated bonds, which could underlie its altered biochemical phenotype. NMR spectroscopy and hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry analysis coupled to activity assays revealed that PioOH better stabilizes the PPARgamma activation function-2 (AF-2) co-activator binding surface and better enhances co-activator binding, affording slightly better transcriptional efficacy. These results indicating that Pio hydroxylation affects its potency and efficacy as a PPARgamma agonist contributes to our understanding of PPARgamma-drug metabolite interactions. Structural Basis of Altered Potency and Efficacy Displayed by a Major in Vivo Metabolite of the Antidiabetic PPARgamma Drug Pioglitazone.,Mosure SA, Shang J, Eberhardt J, Brust R, Zheng J, Griffin PR, Forli S, Kojetin DJ J Med Chem. 2019 Feb 28;62(4):2008-2023. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01573. Epub , 2019 Feb 7. PMID:30676741[7] From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. See AlsoReferences
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