| Structural highlights
7opn is a 2 chain structure with sequence from Homo sapiens. Full crystallographic information is available from OCA. For a guided tour on the structure components use FirstGlance.
| | Method: | X-ray diffraction, Resolution 2.6Å |
| Ligands: | DMS, FAD, FES, GOL, MLI, MOS, MTE, PG6, RAL |
| Resources: | FirstGlance, OCA, PDBe, RCSB, PDBsum, ProSAT |
Function
AOXA_HUMAN Oxidase with broad substrate specificity, oxidizing aromatic azaheterocycles, such as N1-methylnicotinamide and N-methylphthalazinium, as well as aldehydes, such as benzaldehyde, retinal, pyridoxal, and vanillin. Plays a key role in the metabolism of xenobiotics and drugs containing aromatic azaheterocyclic substituents. Participates in the bioactivation of prodrugs such as famciclovir, catalyzing the oxidation step from 6-deoxypenciclovir to penciclovir, which is a potent antiviral agent. Is probably involved in the regulation of reactive oxygen species homeostasis. May be a prominent source of superoxide generation via the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen. Also may catalyze nitric oxide (NO) production via the reduction of nitrite to NO with NADH or aldehyde as electron donor. May play a role in adipogenesis.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Human aldehyde oxidase (hAOX1) is mainly present in the liver and has an emerging role in drug metabolism, since it accepts a wide range of molecules as substrates and inhibitors. Herein, we employed an integrative approach by combining NMR, X-ray crystallography, and enzyme inhibition kinetics to understand the inhibition modes of three hAOX1 inhibitors-thioridazine, benzamidine, and raloxifene. These integrative data indicate that thioridazine is a noncompetitive inhibitor, while benzamidine presents a mixed type of inhibition. Additionally, we describe the first crystal structure of hAOX1 in complex with raloxifene. Raloxifene binds tightly at the entrance of the substrate tunnel, stabilizing the flexible entrance gates and elucidating an unusual substrate-dependent mechanism of inhibition with potential impact on drug-drug interactions. This study can be considered as a proof-of-concept for an efficient experimental screening of prospective substrates and inhibitors of hAOX1 relevant in drug discovery.
Interrogating the Inhibition Mechanisms of Human Aldehyde Oxidase by X-ray Crystallography and NMR Spectroscopy: The Raloxifene Case.,Mota C, Diniz A, Coelho C, Santos-Silva T, Esmaeeli M, Leimkuhler S, Cabrita EJ, Marcelo F, Romao MJ J Med Chem. 2021 Sep 9;64(17):13025-13037. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01125., Epub 2021 Aug 20. PMID:34415167[9]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
- ↑ Zientek M, Jiang Y, Youdim K, Obach RS. In vitro-in vivo correlation for intrinsic clearance for drugs metabolized by human aldehyde oxidase. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010 Aug;38(8):1322-7. doi: 10.1124/dmd.110.033555. Epub 2010 , May 5. PMID:20444863 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.110.033555
- ↑ Hutzler JM, Yang YS, Albaugh D, Fullenwider CL, Schmenk J, Fisher MB. Characterization of aldehyde oxidase enzyme activity in cryopreserved human hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2012 Feb;40(2):267-75. doi: 10.1124/dmd.111.042861. Epub 2011 , Oct 26. PMID:22031625 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.111.042861
- ↑ Hartmann T, Terao M, Garattini E, Teutloff C, Alfaro JF, Jones JP, Leimkuhler S. The impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms on human aldehyde oxidase. Drug Metab Dispos. 2012 May;40(5):856-64. doi: 10.1124/dmd.111.043828. Epub 2012 , Jan 25. PMID:22279051 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.111.043828
- ↑ Strelevitz TJ, Orozco CC, Obach RS. Hydralazine as a selective probe inactivator of aldehyde oxidase in human hepatocytes: estimation of the contribution of aldehyde oxidase to metabolic clearance. Drug Metab Dispos. 2012 Jul;40(7):1441-8. doi: 10.1124/dmd.112.045195. Epub 2012 , Apr 20. PMID:22522748 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.112.045195
- ↑ Barr JT, Jones JP. Evidence for substrate-dependent inhibition profiles for human liver aldehyde oxidase. Drug Metab Dispos. 2013 Jan;41(1):24-9. doi: 10.1124/dmd.112.048546. Epub 2012, Sep 20. PMID:22996261 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.112.048546
- ↑ Fu C, Di L, Han X, Soderstrom C, Snyder M, Troutman MD, Obach RS, Zhang H. Aldehyde oxidase 1 (AOX1) in human liver cytosols: quantitative characterization of AOX1 expression level and activity relationship. Drug Metab Dispos. 2013 Oct;41(10):1797-804. doi: 10.1124/dmd.113.053082. Epub, 2013 Jul 15. PMID:23857892 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.113.053082
- ↑ Beedham C, Critchley DJ, Rance DJ. Substrate specificity of human liver aldehyde oxidase toward substituted quinazolines and phthalazines: a comparison with hepatic enzyme from guinea pig, rabbit, and baboon. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1995 Jun 1;319(2):481-90. PMID:7786031 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1995.1320
- ↑ Rashidi MR, Smith JA, Clarke SE, Beedham C. In vitro oxidation of famciclovir and 6-deoxypenciclovir by aldehyde oxidase from human, guinea pig, rabbit, and rat liver. Drug Metab Dispos. 1997 Jul;25(7):805-13. PMID:9224775
- ↑ Mota C, Diniz A, Coelho C, Santos-Silva T, Esmaeeli M, Leimkühler S, Cabrita EJ, Marcelo F, Romão MJ. Interrogating the Inhibition Mechanisms of Human Aldehyde Oxidase by X-ray Crystallography and NMR Spectroscopy: The Raloxifene Case. J Med Chem. 2021 Sep 9;64(17):13025-13037. PMID:34415167 doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01125
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