1apf | pdb_00001apf
ANTHOPLEURIN-B, NMR, 20 STRUCTURES
Structural highlights
FunctionNA1B_ANTXA Binds specifically to voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav) (site 3), thereby delaying their inactivation. This toxin has the highest affinity of all anemone toxins for the mammalian sodium channel, whereas its paralog Anthopleurin-A retains the greatest capacity to discriminate between cardiac (Nav1.5/SCN5A) and neuronal sodium channels (PubMed:8916901). When tested electrophysiologically, this toxin exhibits a high affinity for multiple sodium channels with a 50-fold preference for rat cardiac (Nav1.5/SCN5A) over neuronal channels (0.1 nM versus 5 nM). When tested by ion flux, the affinities are similar and appear to have higher affinity (9 nM versus 22 nM) (PubMed:7612595, PubMed:8276803). The residue Lys-37 of this toxin has been shown to interact with channel Nav1.5 (residue Asp-1612 in rat and Asp-1610 in human), which is located in the DIV S3-S4 linker (corresponding to channel site 3) (PubMed:24898004, PubMed:9417050). Selectively modifies sodium channel inactivation from the open state with little effect on channel activation or on inactivation from closed states (By similarity). Does not display phospholipid-binding activities, suggesting that the domain IV S3-S4 linker is located at the extracellular surface and not buried in the phospholipid bilayer (PubMed:15632158).[UniProtKB:P01530][1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Evolutionary Conservation Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf. Publication Abstract from PubMedBACKGROUND: The polypeptide anthopleurin-B (AP-B) is one of a number of related toxins produced by sea anemones. AP-B delays inactivation of the voltage-gated sodium channel of excitable tissue. In the mammalian heart, this effect is manifest as an increase in the force of contraction. As a result, there is interest in exploiting the anthopleurins as lead compounds in the design of novel cardiac stimulants. Essential to this endeavour is a high-resolution solution structure of the molecule describing the positions of functionally important side chains. RESULTS: AP-B exists in multiple conformations in solution as a result of cis-trans isomerization about the Gly40-Pro41 peptide bond. The solution structure of the major conformer of AP-B has been determined by two-dimensional 1H NMR at pH 4.5 and 25 degrees C. The core structure is a four-stranded, antiparallel beta-sheet (residues 2-4, 20-23, 34-37 and 45-48) and includes several beta-turns (6-9, 25-28, 30-33). Three loops connect the beta-strands, the longest and least well defined being the first loop, extending from residues 8-17. These features are shared by other members of this family of sea anemone toxins. The locations of a number of side chains which are important for the cardiac stimulatory activity of AP-B are well defined in the structures. CONCLUSIONS: We have described the solution structure of AP-B and compared it with that of AP-A, from which it differs by substitutions at seven amino acid positions. It shares an essentially identical fold with AP-A yet is about 10-fold more active. Comparison of the structures, particularly in the region of residues essential for activity, gives a clearer indication of the location and extent of the cardioactive pharmacophore in these polypeptides. Solution structure of the cardiostimulant polypeptide anthopleurin-B and comparison with anthopleurin-A.,Monks SA, Pallaghy PK, Scanlon MJ, Norton RS Structure. 1995 Aug 15;3(8):791-803. PMID:7582896[8] From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. References
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