9cwj | pdb_00009cwj
Structure of human endothelial nitric oxide synthase heme domain bound with 6-(5-((4,4-difluoropiperidin-1-yl)methyl)-2,3-difluorophenyl)-4-methylpyridin-2-amine dihydrochloride
Structural highlights
FunctionNOS3_HUMAN Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is implicated in vascular smooth muscle relaxation through a cGMP-mediated signal transduction pathway. NO mediates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis in coronary vessels and promotes blood clotting through the activation of platelets.[1] Isoform eNOS13C: Lacks eNOS activity, dominant-negative form that may down-regulate eNOS activity by forming heterodimers with isoform 1.[2] Publication Abstract from PubMedNeuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is a promising target for addressing various neurological disorders and melanoma. Our discovery of a series of truncated pyridinylbenzylamines has yielded potent, selective, and membrane permeable inhibitors of human neuronal nitric oxide synthase. By implementing an efficient synthetic procedure using the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction, we were able to rapidly identify a potent inhibitor. This new inhibitor (18, 6-(2,3-difluoro-5-((methylamino)methyl)phenyl)-4-methylpyridin-2-amine dihydrochloride) exhibits excellent potency, with K(i) values of 30 nM for human nNOS and 40 nM for rat nNOS. It also demonstrates high isoform selectivity, showing an 821-fold preference for human nNOS over human endothelial NOS (eNOS) and a 75-fold selectivity over human inducible NOS (iNOS). Additionally, inhibitor 18 displays high permeability (P(e) = 10.7 x 10(-6) cm s(-1)) in an artificial membrane permeability assay. The crystal structures of several NOS-inhibitor complexes provide valuable structural insights into the potency and selectivity of this series of novel inhibitors. A particularly notable finding is the unexpected role of a Cl(-) anion bound to heNOS, which contributes to the high isoform selectivity of these inhibitors and explains why heNOS binds Cl(-), while hnNOS does not. This unique Cl(-) binding site could be important in future inhibitor design, opening new avenues for the development of more selective NOS inhibitors. Additionally, the presented crystal structures reveal the key factors required to maintain both high potency and selectivity in the simplified inhibitors discussed in this study. Abbreviations: NO, nitric oxide; nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; rnNOS, rat neuronal nitric oxide synthase; hnNOS, human neuronal nitric oxide synthase; hiNOS, human inducible nitric oxide synthase; heNOS, human endothelial nitric oxide synthase; l-Arg, l-arginine; NADPH, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; CaM, calmodulin; H(4)B, (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin; FAD, flavin adenine dinucleotide; FMN, Flavin mononucleotide, BBB, blood-brain barrier; CNS, central nervous system; PAMPA, parallel artificial membrane permeability assay; P-gp, P-glycoprotein; ER, efflux ratio; P(e), effective permeability; P(app), apparent permeability; Caco-2, cancer coli-2; TLC, thin layer chromatography; TBAF, tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride; TFA, trifluoroacetic acid. Truncated pyridinylbenzylamines: Potent, selective, and highly membrane permeable inhibitors of human neuronal nitric oxide synthase.,Vasu D, Do HT, Li H, Hardy CD, Poulos TL, Silverman RB Bioorg Med Chem. 2025 Jul 1;124:118193. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2025.118193. Epub 2025 , Apr 10. PMID:40252563[3] From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. References
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