| Structural highlights
Disease
S2512_HUMAN Epileptic encephalopathy with global cerebral demyelination. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Function
S2512_HUMAN Mitochondrial electrogenic aspartate/glutamate antiporter that favors efflux of aspartate and entry of glutamate and proton within the mitochondria as part of the malate-aspartate shuttle (PubMed:11566871, PubMed:19641205, PubMed:24515575). Also mediates the uptake of L-cysteinesulfinate by mitochondria in exchange of L-glutamate and proton. Can also exchange L-cysteinesulfinate with aspartate in their anionic form without any proton translocation (PubMed:11566871).[1] [2] [3]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
The transport activity of human mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carriers is central to the malate-aspartate shuttle, urea cycle, gluconeogenesis and myelin synthesis. They have a unique three-domain structure, comprising a calcium-regulated N-terminal domain with eight EF-hands, a mitochondrial carrier domain, and a C-terminal domain. Here we present the calcium-bound and calcium-free structures of the N- and C-terminal domains, elucidating the mechanism of calcium regulation. Unexpectedly, EF-hands 4-8 are involved in dimerization of the carrier and form a static unit, whereas EF-hands 1-3 form a calcium-responsive mobile unit. On calcium binding, an amphipathic helix of the C-terminal domain binds to the N-terminal domain, opening a vestibule. In the absence of calcium, the mobile unit closes the vestibule. Opening and closing of the vestibule might regulate access of substrates to the carrier domain, which is involved in their transport. These structures provide a framework for understanding cases of the mitochondrial disease citrin deficiency.
Calcium-induced conformational changes of the regulatory domain of human mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carriers.,Thangaratnarajah C, Ruprecht JJ, Kunji ER Nat Commun. 2014 Nov 20;5:5491. doi: 10.1038/ncomms6491. PMID:25410934[4]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
- ↑ Palmieri L, Pardo B, Lasorsa FM, del Arco A, Kobayashi K, Iijima M, Runswick MJ, Walker JE, Saheki T, Satrustegui J, Palmieri F. Citrin and aralar1 are Ca(2+)-stimulated aspartate/glutamate transporters in mitochondria. EMBO J. 2001 Sep 17;20(18):5060-9. PMID:11566871 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emboj/20.18.5060
- ↑ Wibom R, Lasorsa FM, Tohonen V, Barbaro M, Sterky FH, Kucinski T, Naess K, Jonsson M, Pierri CL, Palmieri F, Wedell A. AGC1 deficiency associated with global cerebral hypomyelination. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jul 30;361(5):489-95. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0900591. PMID:19641205 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0900591
- ↑ Falk MJ, Li D, Gai X, McCormick E, Place E, Lasorsa FM, Otieno FG, Hou C, Kim CE, Abdel-Magid N, Vazquez L, Mentch FD, Chiavacci R, Liang J, Liu X, Jiang H, Giannuzzi G, Marsh ED, Yiran G, Tian L, Palmieri F, Hakonarson H. AGC1 Deficiency Causes Infantile Epilepsy, Abnormal Myelination, and Reduced N-Acetylaspartate. JIMD Rep. 2014;14:77-85. doi: 10.1007/8904_2013_287. Epub 2014 Feb 11. PMID:24515575 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/8904_2013_287
- ↑ Thangaratnarajah C, Ruprecht JJ, Kunji ER. Calcium-induced conformational changes of the regulatory domain of human mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carriers. Nat Commun. 2014 Nov 20;5:5491. doi: 10.1038/ncomms6491. PMID:25410934 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6491
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