4xvj

Structural highlights

Function

POLG_HCV77 Packages viral RNA to form a viral nucleocapsid, and promotes virion budding (Probable). Participates in the viral particle production as a result of its interaction with the non-structural protein 5A (By similarity). Binds RNA and may function as a RNA chaperone to induce the RNA structural rearrangements taking place during virus replication (PubMed:18033802). Modulates viral translation initiation by interacting with viral IRES and 40S ribosomal subunit (By similarity). Affects various cell signaling pathways, host immunity and lipid metabolism (Probable). Prevents the establishment of cellular antiviral state by blocking the interferon-alpha/beta (IFN-alpha/beta) and IFN-gamma signaling pathways and by blocking the formation of phosphorylated STAT1 and promoting ubiquitin-mediated proteasome-dependent degradation of STAT1 (By similarity) (PubMed:23799612). Activates STAT3 leading to cellular transformation (By similarity). Regulates the activity of cellular genes, including c-myc and c-fos (By similarity). May repress the promoter of p53, and sequester CREB3 and SP110 isoform 3/Sp110b in the cytoplasm (By similarity). Represses cell cycle negative regulating factor CDKN1A, thereby interrupting an important check point of normal cell cycle regulation (By similarity). Targets transcription factors involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses and in the immune response: suppresses NF-kappa-B activation, and activates AP-1 (By similarity). Binds to dendritic cells (DCs) via C1QR1, resulting in down-regulation of T-lymphocytes proliferation (PubMed:11086025, PubMed:17881511). Alters lipid metabolism by interacting with hepatocellular proteins involved in lipid accumulation and storage (PubMed:14602201). Induces up-regulation of FAS promoter activity, and thereby contributes to the increased triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes (steatosis) (PubMed:14602201).[UniProtKB:P26662][UniProtKB:P26664][UniProtKB:P29846][UniProtKB:Q99IB8]^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]} Forms a heterodimer with envelope glycoprotein E2, which mediates virus attachment to the host cell, virion internalization through clathrin-dependent endocytosis and fusion with host membrane (PubMed:14990718, PubMed:16894197). Fusion with the host cell is most likely mediated by both E1 and E2, through conformational rearrangements of the heterodimer required for fusion rather than a classical class II fusion mechanism (PubMed:16533059, PubMed:24698129, PubMed:29505618). E1/E2 heterodimer binds host apolipoproteins such as APOB and APOE thereby forming a lipo-viro-particle (LVP) (PubMed:24838241, PubMed:25122793, PubMed:29695434). APOE associated to the LVP allows the initial virus attachment to cell surface receptors such as the heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), syndecan-1 (SDC1), syndecan-1 (SDC2), the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and scavenger receptor class B type I (SCARB1) (PubMed:12356718, PubMed:12913001, PubMed:12970454, PubMed:22767607, PubMed:28404852). The cholesterol transfer activity of SCARB1 allows E2 exposure and binding of E2 to SCARB1 and the tetraspanin CD81 (PubMed:12913001, PubMed:22767607). E1/E2 heterodimer binding on CD81 activates the epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway (PubMed:22855500). Diffusion of the complex E1/E2-EGFR-SCARB1-CD81 to the cell lateral membrane allows further interaction with Claudin 1 (CLDN1) and occludin (OCLN) to finally trigger HCV entry (By similarity) (PubMed:12913001, PubMed:12970454, PubMed:19182773, PubMed:20375010, PubMed:24038151).[UniProtKB:Q99IB8]^{[6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]} Forms a heterodimer with envelope glycoprotein E1, which mediates virus attachment to the host cell, virion internalization through clathrin-dependent endocytosis and fusion with host membrane (PubMed:14990718, PubMed:16894197). Fusion with the host cell is most likely mediated by both E1 and E2, through conformational rearrangements of the heterodimer required for fusion rather than a classical class II fusion mechanism (PubMed:16533059, PubMed:24698129, PubMed:29505618). The interaction between E2 and host apolipoprotein E/APOE allows the proper assembly, maturation and infectivity of the viral particles (PubMed:25122793, PubMed:29695434). This interaction is probably promoted via the up-regulation of cellular autophagy by the virus (PubMed:29695434). E1/E2 heterodimer binds host apolipoproteins such as APOB and APOE thereby forming a lipo-viro-particle (LVP) (PubMed:24838241, PubMed:25122793, PubMed:29695434). APOE associated to the LVP allows the initial virus attachment to cell surface receptors such as the heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), syndecan-1 (SDC1), syndecan-1 (SDC2), the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and scavenger receptor class B type I (SCARB1) (PubMed:12356718, PubMed:12913001, PubMed:12970454, PubMed:22767607, PubMed:28404852). The cholesterol transfer activity of SCARB1 allows E2 exposure and binding of E2 to SCARB1 and the tetraspanin CD81 (PubMed:12913001, PubMed:22767607). E1/E2 heterodimer binding on CD81 activates the epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway (By similarity) (PubMed:12913001, PubMed:12970454, PubMed:19182773, PubMed:20375010, PubMed:22855500, PubMed:24038151). Diffusion of the complex E1/E2-EGFR-SCARB1-CD81 to the cell lateral membrane allows further interaction with Claudin 1 (CLDN1) and occludin (OCLN) to finally trigger HCV entry (By similarity) (PubMed:12913001, PubMed:12970454, PubMed:19182773, PubMed:20375010, PubMed:24038151). Inhibits host EIF2AK2/PKR activation, preventing the establishment of an antiviral state (By similarity). Viral ligand for CD209/DC-SIGN and CLEC4M/DC-SIGNR, which are respectively found on DCs, and on liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and macrophage-like cells of lymph node sinuses (PubMed:15371595). These interactions allow the capture of circulating HCV particles by these cells and subsequent facilitated transmission to permissive cells such as hepatocytes and lymphocyte subpopulations (PubMed:15371595). The interaction between E2 and host amino acid transporter complex formed by SLC3A2 and SLC7A5/LAT1 may facilitate viral entry into host cell (PubMed:30341327).[UniProtKB:P26664][UniProtKB:Q99IB8]^{[23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41]} Ion channel protein that acts as a viroporin and plays an essential role in the assembly, envelopment and secretion of viral particles (PubMed:12719519, PubMed:20824094, PubMed:27320856). Participates in virus envelopment by coordinating the encounter between NS5A and NS2-based assembly sites loaded with E1/E2 heterodimer, which subsequently leads to nucleocapsid envelopment (By similarity). Creates a pore in acidic organelles and releases Ca(2+) and H(+) in the cytoplasm of infected cells, leading to a productive viral infection (Probable) (PubMed:20824094). High levels of cytoplasmic Ca(2+) may trigger membrane trafficking and transport of viral ER-associated proteins to viroplasms, sites of viral genome replication (Probable). The release of Ca(2+) may also activate the inflamasome leading to chronic inflammation (Probable) (PubMed:31801866). Targets also host mitochondria and induces mitochondrial depolarization (PubMed:29039530). In addition of its role as a viroporin, acts as a lipid raft adhesion factor (PubMed:27320856).[UniProtKB:Q99IB8]^{[42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48]} Cysteine protease required for the proteolytic auto-cleavage between the non-structural proteins NS2 and NS3 (PubMed:8248148). The N-terminus of NS3 is required for the function of NS2 protease (active region NS2-3) (By similarity). Promotes the initiation of viral particle assembly by mediating the interaction between structural and non-structural proteins (PubMed:21147927).[UniProtKB:P26663]^{[49] [50]} Displays three enzymatic activities: serine protease with a chymotrypsin-like fold, NTPase and RNA helicase (PubMed:25551442). NS3 serine protease, in association with NS4A, is responsible for the cleavages of NS3-NS4A, NS4A-NS4B, NS4B-NS5A and NS5A-NS5B (PubMed:8035505, PubMed:8189513, PubMed:8386278). The NS3/NS4A complex prevents phosphorylation of host IRF3, thus preventing the establishment of dsRNA induced antiviral state (By similarity). The NS3/NS4A complex induces host amino acid transporter component SLC3A2, thus contributing to HCV propagation (PubMed:30341327). NS3 RNA helicase binds to RNA and unwinds both dsDNA and dsRNA in the 3' to 5' direction, and likely resolves RNA complicated stable secondary structures in the template strand (Probable). Binds a single ATP and catalyzes the unzipping of a single base pair of dsRNA (PubMed:21940894). Inhibits host antiviral proteins TBK1 and IRF3 thereby preventing the establishment of an antiviral state (By similarity). Cleaves host MAVS/CARDIF thereby preventing the establishment of an antiviral state (PubMed:16177806, PubMed:16301520). Cleaves host TICAM1/TRIF, thereby disrupting TLR3 signaling and preventing the establishment of an antiviral state (PubMed:15710891).[UniProtKB:Q9WMX2]^{[51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60]} Peptide cofactor which forms a non-covalent complex with the N-terminal of NS3 serine protease (PubMed:21507982, PubMed:8189513). The NS3/NS4A complex prevents phosphorylation of host IRF3, thus preventing the establishment of dsRNA induced antiviral state (By similarity). The NS3/NS4A complex induces host amino acid transporter component SLC3A2, thus contributing to HCV propagation (PubMed:30341327).[UniProtKB:Q9WMX2]^{[61] [62] [63]} Induces a specific membrane alteration that serves as a scaffold for the virus replication complex (PubMed:12021330). This membrane alteration gives rise to the so-called ER-derived membranous web that contains the replication complex (PubMed:12021330). NS4B self-interaction contributes to its function in membranous web formation (PubMed:16731940). Promotes host TRIF protein degradation in a CASP8-dependent manner thereby inhibiting host TLR3-mediated interferon signaling (PubMed:29782532). Disrupts the interaction between STING and TBK1 contributing to the inhibition of interferon signaling (PubMed:23542348).^{[64] [65] [66] [67]} Phosphorylated protein that is indispensable for viral replication and assembly (PubMed:27578425). Both hypo- and hyperphosphorylated states are required for the viral life cycle (By similarity). The hyperphosphorylated form of NS5A is an inhibitor of viral replication (By similarity). Involved in RNA-binding and especially in binding to the viral genome (Probable). Zinc is essential for RNA-binding (PubMed:20926572). Participates in the viral particle production as a result of its interaction with the viral mature core protein (By similarity). Its interaction with host VAPB may target the viral replication complex to vesicles (By similarity). Down-regulates viral IRES translation initiation (By similarity). Mediates interferon resistance, presumably by interacting with and inhibiting host EIF2AK2/PKR (PubMed:16951545). Prevents BIN1-induced apoptosis (PubMed:16530520). Acts as a transcriptional activator of some host genes important for viral replication when localized in the nucleus (By similarity). Via the interaction with host PACSIN2, modulates lipid droplet formation in order to promote virion assembly (PubMed:31801866). Modulates TNFRSF21/DR6 signaling pathway for viral propagation (PubMed:28743875).[UniProtKB:P26662][UniProtKB:P26664][UniProtKB:Q99IB8][UniProtKB:Q9WMX2]^{[68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75]} RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that performs primer-template recognition and RNA synthesis during viral replication (PubMed:20729191). Initiates RNA transcription/replication at a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), resulting in a 5'- FAD cap on viral RNAs. In this way, recognition of viral 5' RNA by host pattern recognition receptors can be bypassed (PubMed:37407817), thereby evading activation of antiviral pathways.^{[76] [77]}

See Also

• Antibody 3D structures
• 3D structures of human antibody

References

1. ↑ Kittlesen DJ, Chianese-Bullock KA, Yao ZQ, Braciale TJ, Hahn YS. Interaction between complement receptor gC1qR and hepatitis C virus core protein inhibits T-lymphocyte proliferation. J Clin Invest. 2000 Nov;106(10):1239-49. PMID:11086025 doi:10.1172/JCI10323
2. ↑ Ruggieri A, Murdolo M, Rapicetta M. Induction of FAS ligand expression in a human hepatoblastoma cell line by HCV core protein. Virus Res. 2003 Nov;97(2):103-10. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2003.08.004. PMID:14602201 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2003.08.004
3. ↑ Waggoner SN, Hall CH, Hahn YS. HCV core protein interaction with gC1q receptor inhibits Th1 differentiation of CD4+ T cells via suppression of dendritic cell IL-12 production. J Leukoc Biol. 2007 Dec;82(6):1407-19. Epub 2007 Sep 19. PMID:17881511 doi:10.1189/jlb.0507268
4. ↑ Ivanyi-Nagy R, Lavergne JP, Gabus C, Ficheux D, Darlix JL. RNA chaperoning and intrinsic disorder in the core proteins of Flaviviridae. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008 Feb;36(3):712-25. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkm1051. Epub 2007 Nov , 22. PMID:18033802 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkm1051
5. ↑ Anjum S, Afzal MS, Ahmad T, Aslam B, Waheed Y, Shafi T, Qadri I. Mutations in the STAT1‑interacting domain of the hepatitis C virus core protein modulate the response to antiviral therapy. Mol Med Rep. 2013 Aug;8(2):487-92. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1541. Epub 2013 Jun 25. PMID:23799612 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2013.1541
6. ↑ Scarselli E, Ansuini H, Cerino R, Roccasecca RM, Acali S, Filocamo G, Traboni C, Nicosia A, Cortese R, Vitelli A. The human scavenger receptor class B type I is a novel candidate receptor for the hepatitis C virus. EMBO J. 2002 Oct 1;21(19):5017-25. PMID:12356718
7. ↑ Bartosch B, Vitelli A, Granier C, Goujon C, Dubuisson J, Pascale S, Scarselli E, Cortese R, Nicosia A, Cosset FL. Cell entry of hepatitis C virus requires a set of co-receptors that include the CD81 tetraspanin and the SR-B1 scavenger receptor. J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 24;278(43):41624-30. Epub 2003 Aug 11. PMID:12913001 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M305289200
8. ↑ Cocquerel L, Kuo CC, Dubuisson J, Levy S. CD81-dependent binding of hepatitis C virus E1E2 heterodimers. J Virol. 2003 Oct;77(19):10677-83. PMID:12970454
9. ↑ Op De Beeck A, Voisset C, Bartosch B, Ciczora Y, Cocquerel L, Keck Z, Foung S, Cosset FL, Dubuisson J. Characterization of functional hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins. J Virol. 2004 Mar;78(6):2994-3002. PMID:14990718
10. ↑ Perez-Berna AJ, Moreno MR, Guillen J, Bernabeu A, Villalain J. The membrane-active regions of the hepatitis C virus E1 and E2 envelope glycoproteins. Biochemistry. 2006 Mar 21;45(11):3755-68. PMID:16533059 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi0523963
11. ↑ Codran A, Royer C, Jaeck D, Bastien-Valle M, Baumert TF, Kieny MP, Pereira CA, Martin JP. Entry of hepatitis C virus pseudotypes into primary human hepatocytes by clathrin-dependent endocytosis. J Gen Virol. 2006 Sep;87(Pt 9):2583-93. PMID:16894197 doi:87/9/2583
12. ↑ Ploss A, Evans MJ, Gaysinskaya VA, Panis M, You H, de Jong YP, Rice CM. Human occludin is a hepatitis C virus entry factor required for infection of mouse cells. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):882-6. doi: 10.1038/nature07684. Epub 2009 Jan 28. PMID:19182773 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07684
13. ↑ Harris HJ, Davis C, Mullins JG, Hu K, Goodall M, Farquhar MJ, Mee CJ, McCaffrey K, Young S, Drummer H, Balfe P, McKeating JA. Claudin association with CD81 defines hepatitis C virus entry. J Biol Chem. 2010 Jul 2;285(27):21092-102. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.104836. Epub, 2010 Apr 7. PMID:20375010 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.104836
14. ↑ Dao Thi VL, Granier C, Zeisel MB, Guerin M, Mancip J, Granio O, Penin F, Lavillette D, Bartenschlager R, Baumert TF, Cosset FL, Dreux M. Characterization of hepatitis C virus particle subpopulations reveals multiple usage of the scavenger receptor BI for entry steps. J Biol Chem. 2012 Sep 7;287(37):31242-57. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.365924. Epub 2012 , Jul 5. PMID:22767607 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.365924
15. ↑ Diao J, Pantua H, Ngu H, Komuves L, Diehl L, Schaefer G, Kapadia SB. Hepatitis C virus induces epidermal growth factor receptor activation via CD81 binding for viral internalization and entry. J Virol. 2012 Oct;86(20):10935-49. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00750-12. Epub 2012 Aug 1. PMID:22855500 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00750-12
16. ↑ Douam F, Dao Thi VL, Maurin G, Fresquet J, Mompelat D, Zeisel MB, Baumert TF, Cosset FL, Lavillette D. Critical interaction between E1 and E2 glycoproteins determines binding and fusion properties of hepatitis C virus during cell entry. Hepatology. 2014 Mar;59(3):776-88. doi: 10.1002/hep.26733. Epub 2014 Jan 28. PMID:24038151 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.26733
17. ↑ Tello D, Rodriguez-Rodriguez M, Ortega S, Lombana L, Yelamos B, Gomez-Gutierrez J, Peterson DL, Gavilanes F. Fusogenic properties of the ectodomains of hepatitis C virus envelope proteins. FEBS J. 2014 Jun;281(11):2558-69. doi: 10.1111/febs.12802. Epub 2014 Apr 28. PMID:24698129 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/febs.12802
18. ↑ Boyer A, Dumans A, Beaumont E, Etienne L, Roingeard P, Meunier JC. The association of hepatitis C virus glycoproteins with apolipoproteins E and B early in assembly is conserved in lipoviral particles. J Biol Chem. 2014 Jul 4;289(27):18904-13. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M113.538256. Epub 2014 , May 16. PMID:24838241 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.538256
19. ↑ Lee JY, Acosta EG, Stoeck IK, Long G, Hiet MS, Mueller B, Fackler OT, Kallis S, Bartenschlager R. Apolipoprotein E likely contributes to a maturation step of infectious hepatitis C virus particles and interacts with viral envelope glycoproteins. J Virol. 2014 Nov;88(21):12422-37. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01660-14. Epub 2014 Aug 13. PMID:25122793 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01660-14
20. ↑ Fan H, Qiao L, Kang KD, Fan J, Wei W, Luo G. Attachment and Postattachment Receptors Important for Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Cell-to-Cell Transmission. J Virol. 2017 Jun 9;91(13):e00280-17. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00280-17. Print 2017 Jul , 1. PMID:28404852 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00280-17
21. ↑ Douam F, Fusil F, Enguehard M, Dib L, Nadalin F, Schwaller L, Hrebikova G, Mancip J, Mailly L, Montserret R, Ding Q, Maisse C, Carlot E, Xu K, Verhoeyen E, Baumert TF, Ploss A, Carbone A, Cosset FL, Lavillette D. A protein coevolution method uncovers critical features of the Hepatitis C Virus fusion mechanism. PLoS Pathog. 2018 Mar 5;14(3):e1006908. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006908. , eCollection 2018 Mar. PMID:29505618 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006908
22. ↑ Kim JY, Ou JJ. Regulation of Apolipoprotein E Trafficking by Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Autophagy. J Virol. 2018 Jun 29;92(14):e00211-18. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00211-18. Print 2018 Jul , 15. PMID:29695434 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00211-18
23. ↑ Scarselli E, Ansuini H, Cerino R, Roccasecca RM, Acali S, Filocamo G, Traboni C, Nicosia A, Cortese R, Vitelli A. The human scavenger receptor class B type I is a novel candidate receptor for the hepatitis C virus. EMBO J. 2002 Oct 1;21(19):5017-25. PMID:12356718
24. ↑ Bartosch B, Vitelli A, Granier C, Goujon C, Dubuisson J, Pascale S, Scarselli E, Cortese R, Nicosia A, Cosset FL. Cell entry of hepatitis C virus requires a set of co-receptors that include the CD81 tetraspanin and the SR-B1 scavenger receptor. J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 24;278(43):41624-30. Epub 2003 Aug 11. PMID:12913001 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M305289200
25. ↑ Cocquerel L, Kuo CC, Dubuisson J, Levy S. CD81-dependent binding of hepatitis C virus E1E2 heterodimers. J Virol. 2003 Oct;77(19):10677-83. PMID:12970454
26. ↑ Op De Beeck A, Voisset C, Bartosch B, Ciczora Y, Cocquerel L, Keck Z, Foung S, Cosset FL, Dubuisson J. Characterization of functional hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins. J Virol. 2004 Mar;78(6):2994-3002. PMID:14990718
27. ↑ Cormier EG, Durso RJ, Tsamis F, Boussemart L, Manix C, Olson WC, Gardner JP, Dragic T. L-SIGN (CD209L) and DC-SIGN (CD209) mediate transinfection of liver cells by hepatitis C virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Sep 28;101(39):14067-72. doi: , 10.1073/pnas.0405695101. Epub 2004 Sep 15. PMID:15371595 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0405695101
28. ↑ Perez-Berna AJ, Moreno MR, Guillen J, Bernabeu A, Villalain J. The membrane-active regions of the hepatitis C virus E1 and E2 envelope glycoproteins. Biochemistry. 2006 Mar 21;45(11):3755-68. PMID:16533059 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi0523963
29. ↑ Codran A, Royer C, Jaeck D, Bastien-Valle M, Baumert TF, Kieny MP, Pereira CA, Martin JP. Entry of hepatitis C virus pseudotypes into primary human hepatocytes by clathrin-dependent endocytosis. J Gen Virol. 2006 Sep;87(Pt 9):2583-93. PMID:16894197 doi:87/9/2583
30. ↑ Ploss A, Evans MJ, Gaysinskaya VA, Panis M, You H, de Jong YP, Rice CM. Human occludin is a hepatitis C virus entry factor required for infection of mouse cells. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):882-6. doi: 10.1038/nature07684. Epub 2009 Jan 28. PMID:19182773 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07684
31. ↑ Harris HJ, Davis C, Mullins JG, Hu K, Goodall M, Farquhar MJ, Mee CJ, McCaffrey K, Young S, Drummer H, Balfe P, McKeating JA. Claudin association with CD81 defines hepatitis C virus entry. J Biol Chem. 2010 Jul 2;285(27):21092-102. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.104836. Epub, 2010 Apr 7. PMID:20375010 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.104836
32. ↑ Dao Thi VL, Granier C, Zeisel MB, Guerin M, Mancip J, Granio O, Penin F, Lavillette D, Bartenschlager R, Baumert TF, Cosset FL, Dreux M. Characterization of hepatitis C virus particle subpopulations reveals multiple usage of the scavenger receptor BI for entry steps. J Biol Chem. 2012 Sep 7;287(37):31242-57. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.365924. Epub 2012 , Jul 5. PMID:22767607 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.365924
33. ↑ Diao J, Pantua H, Ngu H, Komuves L, Diehl L, Schaefer G, Kapadia SB. Hepatitis C virus induces epidermal growth factor receptor activation via CD81 binding for viral internalization and entry. J Virol. 2012 Oct;86(20):10935-49. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00750-12. Epub 2012 Aug 1. PMID:22855500 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00750-12
34. ↑ Douam F, Dao Thi VL, Maurin G, Fresquet J, Mompelat D, Zeisel MB, Baumert TF, Cosset FL, Lavillette D. Critical interaction between E1 and E2 glycoproteins determines binding and fusion properties of hepatitis C virus during cell entry. Hepatology. 2014 Mar;59(3):776-88. doi: 10.1002/hep.26733. Epub 2014 Jan 28. PMID:24038151 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.26733
35. ↑ Tello D, Rodriguez-Rodriguez M, Ortega S, Lombana L, Yelamos B, Gomez-Gutierrez J, Peterson DL, Gavilanes F. Fusogenic properties of the ectodomains of hepatitis C virus envelope proteins. FEBS J. 2014 Jun;281(11):2558-69. doi: 10.1111/febs.12802. Epub 2014 Apr 28. PMID:24698129 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/febs.12802
36. ↑ Boyer A, Dumans A, Beaumont E, Etienne L, Roingeard P, Meunier JC. The association of hepatitis C virus glycoproteins with apolipoproteins E and B early in assembly is conserved in lipoviral particles. J Biol Chem. 2014 Jul 4;289(27):18904-13. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M113.538256. Epub 2014 , May 16. PMID:24838241 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.538256
37. ↑ Lee JY, Acosta EG, Stoeck IK, Long G, Hiet MS, Mueller B, Fackler OT, Kallis S, Bartenschlager R. Apolipoprotein E likely contributes to a maturation step of infectious hepatitis C virus particles and interacts with viral envelope glycoproteins. J Virol. 2014 Nov;88(21):12422-37. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01660-14. Epub 2014 Aug 13. PMID:25122793 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01660-14
38. ↑ Fan H, Qiao L, Kang KD, Fan J, Wei W, Luo G. Attachment and Postattachment Receptors Important for Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Cell-to-Cell Transmission. J Virol. 2017 Jun 9;91(13):e00280-17. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00280-17. Print 2017 Jul , 1. PMID:28404852 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00280-17
39. ↑ Douam F, Fusil F, Enguehard M, Dib L, Nadalin F, Schwaller L, Hrebikova G, Mancip J, Mailly L, Montserret R, Ding Q, Maisse C, Carlot E, Xu K, Verhoeyen E, Baumert TF, Ploss A, Carbone A, Cosset FL, Lavillette D. A protein coevolution method uncovers critical features of the Hepatitis C Virus fusion mechanism. PLoS Pathog. 2018 Mar 5;14(3):e1006908. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006908. , eCollection 2018 Mar. PMID:29505618 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006908
40. ↑ Kim JY, Ou JJ. Regulation of Apolipoprotein E Trafficking by Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Autophagy. J Virol. 2018 Jun 29;92(14):e00211-18. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00211-18. Print 2018 Jul , 15. PMID:29695434 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00211-18
41. ↑ Nguyen NNT, Lim YS, Nguyen LP, Tran SC, Luong TTD, Nguyen TTT, Pham HT, Mai HN, Choi JW, Han SS, Hwang SB. Hepatitis C Virus Modulates Solute carrier family 3 member 2 for Viral Propagation. Sci Rep. 2018 Oct 19;8(1):15486. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33861-6. PMID:30341327 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33861-6
42. ↑ Pavlovic D, Neville DC, Argaud O, Blumberg B, Dwek RA, Fischer WB, Zitzmann N. The hepatitis C virus p7 protein forms an ion channel that is inhibited by long-alkyl-chain iminosugar derivatives. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 May 13;100(10):6104-8. Epub 2003 Apr 28. PMID:12719519 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1031527100
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