8jru

Structural highlights

Disease

PROC_HUMAN Defects in PROC are the cause of thrombophilia due to protein C deficiency, autosomal dominant (THPH3) [MIM:176860. A hemostatic disorder characterized by impaired regulation of blood coagulation and a tendency to recurrent venous thrombosis. However, many adults with heterozygous disease may be asymptomatic. Individuals with decreased amounts of protein C are classically referred to as having type I protein C deficiency and those with normal amounts of a functionally defective protein as having type II deficiency.^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]} Defects in PROC are the cause of thrombophilia due to protein C deficiency, autosomal recessive (THPH4) [MIM:612304. A hemostatic disorder characterized by impaired regulation of blood coagulation and a tendency to recurrent venous thrombosis. It results in a thrombotic condition that can manifest as a severe neonatal disorder or as a milder disorder with late-onset thrombophilia. The severe form leads to neonatal death through massive neonatal venous thrombosis. Often associated with ecchymotic skin lesions which can turn necrotic called purpura fulminans, this disorder is very rare.V2R_HUMAN Nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis;Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion syndrome;Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Function

PROC_HUMAN Protein C is a vitamin K-dependent serine protease that regulates blood coagulation by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa in the presence of calcium ions and phospholipids.V2R_HUMAN Receptor for arginine vasopressin. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylate cyclase. Involved in renal water reabsorption.^[15] GLR_HUMAN This is a receptor for glucagon which plays a central role in regulating the level of blood glucose by controlling the rate of hepatic glucose production and insulin secretion. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase and also a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system.HEMA_I75A3 Binds to sialic acid-containing receptors on the cell surface, bringing about the attachment of the virus particle to the cell. This attachment induces virion internalization of about two third of the virus particles through clathrin-dependent endocytosis and about one third through a clathrin- and caveolin-independent pathway. Plays a major role in the determination of host range restriction and virulence. Class I viral fusion protein. Responsible for penetration of the virus into the cell cytoplasm by mediating the fusion of the membrane of the endocytosed virus particle with the endosomal membrane. Low pH in endosomes induces an irreversible conformational change in HA2, releasing the fusion hydrophobic peptide. Several trimers are required to form a competent fusion pore.

References

1. ↑ Miyata T, Zheng YZ, Sakata T, Kato H. Protein C Osaka 10 with aberrant propeptide processing: loss of anticoagulant activity due to an amino acid substitution in the protein C precursor. Thromb Haemost. 1995 Oct;74(4):1003-8. PMID:8560401
2. ↑ Romeo G, Hassan HJ, Staempfli S, Roncuzzi L, Cianetti L, Leonardi A, Vicente V, Mannucci PM, Bertina R, Peschle C, et al.. Hereditary thrombophilia: identification of nonsense and missense mutations in the protein C gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 May;84(9):2829-32. PMID:2437584
3. ↑ Grundy C, Chitolie A, Talbot S, Bevan D, Kakkar V, Cooper DN. Protein C London 1: recurrent mutation at Arg 169 (CGG----TGG) in the protein C gene causing thrombosis. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Dec 25;17(24):10513. PMID:2602169
4. ↑ Reitsma PH, Poort SR, Allaart CF, Briet E, Bertina RM. The spectrum of genetic defects in a panel of 40 Dutch families with symptomatic protein C deficiency type I: heterogeneity and founder effects. Blood. 1991 Aug 15;78(4):890-4. PMID:1868249
5. ↑ Bovill EG, Tomczak JA, Grant B, Bhushan F, Pillemer E, Rainville IR, Long GL. Protein CVermont: symptomatic type II protein C deficiency associated with two GLA domain mutations. Blood. 1992 Mar 15;79(6):1456-65. PMID:1347706
6. ↑ Grundy CB, Schulman S, Tengborn L, Kakkar VV, Cooper DN. Two different missense mutations at Arg 178 of the protein C (PROC) gene causing recurrent venous thrombosis. Hum Genet. 1992 Aug;89(6):685-6. PMID:1511989
7. ↑ Gandrille S, Vidaud M, Aiach M, Alhenc-Gelas M, Fischer AM, Gouault-Heilman M, Toulon P, Fiessinger JN, Goossens M. Two novel mutations responsible for hereditary type I protein C deficiency: characterization by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Hum Mutat. 1992;1(6):491-500. PMID:1301959 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/humu.1380010607
8. ↑ Millar DS, Grundy CB, Bignell P, Moffat EH, Martin R, Kakkar VV, Cooper DN. A Gla domain mutation (Arg 15-->Trp) in the protein C (PROC) gene causing type 2 protein C deficiency and recurrent venous thrombosis. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 1993 Apr;4(2):345-7. PMID:8499568
9. ↑ Tsay W, Greengard JS, Montgomery RR, McPherson RA, Fucci JC, Koerper MA, Coughlin J, Griffin JH. Genetic mutations in ten unrelated American patients with symptomatic type 1 protein C deficiency. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 1993 Oct;4(5):791-6. PMID:8292730
10. ↑ Marchetti G, Patracchini P, Gemmati D, Castaman G, Rodeghiero F, Wacey A, Cooper DN, Tuddenham EG, Bernardi F. Symptomatic type II protein C deficiency caused by a missense mutation (Gly 381-->Ser) in the substrate-binding pocket. Br J Haematol. 1993 Jun;84(2):285-9. PMID:8398832
11. ↑ Zheng YZ, Sakata T, Matsusue T, Umeyama H, Kato H, Miyata T. Six missense mutations associated with type I and type II protein C deficiency and implications obtained from molecular modelling. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 1994 Oct;5(5):687-96. PMID:7865674
12. ↑ Lind B, Schwartz M, Thorsen S. Six different point mutations in seven Danish families with symptomatic protein C deficiency. Thromb Haemost. 1995 Feb;73(2):186-93. PMID:7792728
13. ↑ Ireland HA, Boisclair MD, Taylor J, Thompson E, Thein SL, Girolami A, De Caterina M, Scopacasa F, De Stefano V, Leone G, Finazzi G, Cohen H, Lane DA. Two novel (R(-11)C; T394D) and two repeat missense mutations in the protein C gene associated with venous thrombosis in six kindreds. Hum Mutat. 1996;7(2):176-9. PMID:8829639 doi:<176::AID-HUMU16>3.0.CO;2-# 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1996)7:2<176::AID-HUMU16>3.0.CO;2-#
14. ↑ Couture P, Demers C, Morissette J, Delage R, Jomphe M, Couture L, Simard J. Type I protein C deficiency in French Canadians: evidence of a founder effect and association of specific protein C gene mutations with plasma protein C levels. Thromb Haemost. 1998 Oct;80(4):551-6. PMID:9798967
15. ↑ Boselt I, Rompler H, Hermsdorf T, Thor D, Busch W, Schulz A, Schoneberg T. Involvement of the V2 vasopressin receptor in adaptation to limited water supply. PLoS One. 2009;4(5):e5573. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005573. Epub 2009 May 18. PMID:19440390 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005573