1aj9
R-STATE HUMAN CARBONMONOXYHEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A53S
Structural highlights
DiseaseHBB_HUMAN Defects in HBB may be a cause of Heinz body anemias (HEIBAN) [MIM:140700. This is a form of non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia of Dacie type 1. After splenectomy, which has little benefit, basophilic inclusions called Heinz bodies are demonstrable in the erythrocytes. Before splenectomy, diffuse or punctate basophilia may be evident. Most of these cases are probably instances of hemoglobinopathy. The hemoglobin demonstrates heat lability. Heinz bodies are observed also with the Ivemark syndrome (asplenia with cardiovascular anomalies) and with glutathione peroxidase deficiency.[1] [2] [3] [4] Defects in HBB are the cause of beta-thalassemia (B-THAL) [MIM:613985. A form of thalassemia. Thalassemias are common monogenic diseases occurring mostly in Mediterranean and Southeast Asian populations. The hallmark of beta-thalassemia is an imbalance in globin-chain production in the adult HbA molecule. Absence of beta chain causes beta(0)-thalassemia, while reduced amounts of detectable beta globin causes beta(+)-thalassemia. In the severe forms of beta-thalassemia, the excess alpha globin chains accumulate in the developing erythroid precursors in the marrow. Their deposition leads to a vast increase in erythroid apoptosis that in turn causes ineffective erythropoiesis and severe microcytic hypochromic anemia. Clinically, beta-thalassemia is divided into thalassemia major which is transfusion dependent, thalassemia intermedia (of intermediate severity), and thalassemia minor that is asymptomatic.[5] Defects in HBB are the cause of sickle cell anemia (SKCA) [MIM:603903; also known as sickle cell disease. Sickle cell anemia is characterized by abnormally shaped red cells resulting in chronic anemia and periodic episodes of pain, serious infections and damage to vital organs. Normal red blood cells are round and flexible and flow easily through blood vessels, but in sickle cell anemia, the abnormal hemoglobin (called Hb S) causes red blood cells to become stiff. They are C-shaped and resembles a sickle. These stiffer red blood cells can led to microvascular occlusion thus cutting off the blood supply to nearby tissues. Defects in HBB are the cause of beta-thalassemia dominant inclusion body type (B-THALIB) [MIM:603902. An autosomal dominant form of beta thalassemia characterized by moderate anemia, lifelong jaundice, cholelithiasis and splenomegaly, marked morphologic changes in the red cells, erythroid hyperplasia of the bone marrow with increased numbers of multinucleate red cell precursors, and the presence of large inclusion bodies in the normoblasts, both in the marrow and in the peripheral blood after splenectomy.[6] FunctionHBB_HUMAN Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues.[7] LVV-hemorphin-7 potentiates the activity of bradykinin, causing a decrease in blood pressure.[8] Evolutionary Conservation Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf. Publication Abstract from PubMedThe three-dimensional structure and associated solvent of human carboxyhemoglobin at 2.2 A resolution are compared with other R-state and T-state human hemoglobin structures. The crystal form is isomorphous with that of the 2.7 A structure of carboxyhemoglobin reported earlier [Baldwin (1980). J. Mol. Biol. 136, 103-128], whose coordinates were used as a starting model, and with the 2.2 A structure described in an earlier report [Derewenda et al. (1990). J. Mol. Biol. 211, 515-519]. During the course of the refinement, a natural mutation of the alpha-subunit, A53S, was discovered that forms a new crystal contact through a bridging water molecule. The protein structure shows a significant difference between the alpha and beta heme geometries, with Fe-C-O angles of 125 and 162 degrees, respectively. The carboxyhemoglobin is compared with other fully ligated R-state human hemoglobins [Baldwin (1980). J. Mol. Biol. 136, 103-128; Shaanan (1983). J. Mol. Biol. 195, 419-422] with the R2-state hemoglobin [Silva et al. (1992). J. Biol. Chem. 267, 17248-17256] and with T-state deoxyhemoglobin [Fronticelli et al. (1994). J. Biol. Chem. 269, 23965-23969]. The structure is similar to the earlier reported R-state structures, but there are differences in many side-chain conformations, the associated water structure and the presence and the position of a phosphate ion. The quaternary changes between the R-state carboxyhemoglobin and the R2-state and T-state structures are in general consistent with those reported in the earlier structures. The location of 238 water molecules and a phosphate ion in the carboxyhemoglobin structure allows the first comparison of the solvent structures of the R-state and T-state structures. Distinctive hydration patterns for each of the quaternary structures are observed, but a number of conserved water molecule binding sites are found that are independent of the conformational state of the protein. Human carboxyhemoglobin at 2.2 A resolution: structure and solvent comparisons of R-state, R2-state and T-state hemoglobins.,Vasquez GB, Ji X, Fronticelli C, Gilliland GL Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 1998 May 1;54(Pt 3):355-66. PMID:9761903[9] From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. See AlsoReferences
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