1y2m

Crystal structure of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from yeast Rhododporidium toruloides

spinqualitylabelsall models 1y2m, resolution 1.60Å Show:Asymmetric Unit Biological Assembly Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate   Export Animated Image   Print3D Structural highlights 1y2m is a 4 chain structure with sequence from Rhodotorula toruloides. Full crystallographic information is available from OCA. For a guided tour on the structure components use FirstGlance. Method: X-ray diffraction, Resolution 1.6Å Ligands: MSE Resources: FirstGlance, OCA, PDBe, RCSB, PDBsum, ProSAT Function PALY_RHOTO Catalyzes the non-oxidative deamination of L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine to form trans-cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid respectively with similar efficiencies. Facilitates the commitment step in phenylpropanoid pathways that produce lignins, coumarins and flavonoids. Evolutionary Conservation Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf. Publication Abstract from PubMed Structure-based protein engineering coupled with chemical modifications (e.g., pegylation) is a powerful combination to significantly improve the development of proteins as therapeutic agents. As a test case, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5) was selected for enzyme replacement therapy in phenylketonuria [C.R. Scriver, S. Kaufman, Hyperphenylalaninemia:phenylalanine Hydroxylase Deficiency. The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001, Chapter 77], an inherited metabolic disorder (OMIM 261600) causing mental retardation due to deficiency of the enzyme l-phenylalanine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.16.1). Previous in vivo studies of recombinant PAL demonstrated a lowering of blood l-phenylalanine levels; yet, the metabolic effect was not sustained due to protein degradation and immunogenicity [C.N. Sarkissian, Z. Shao, F. Blain, R. Peevers, H. Su, R. Heft, T.M. Chang, C.R. Scriver, A different approach to treatment of phenylketonuria:phenylalanine degradation with recombinant phenylalanine ammonia lyase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999) 2339; J.A. Hoskins, G. Jack, H.E. Wade, R.J. Peiris, E.C. Wright, D.J. Starr, J. Stern, Enzymatic control of phenylalanine intake in phenylketonuria, Lancet 1 (1980) 392; C.M. Ambrus, S. Anthone, C. Horvath, K. Kalghatgi, A.S. Lele, G. Eapen, J.L. Ambrus, A.J. Ryan, P. Li, Extracorporeal enzyme reactors for depletion of phenylalanine in phenylketonuria, Ann. Intern. Med. 106 (1987) 531]. Here, we report the 1.6A three-dimensional structure of Rhodosporidium toruloides PAL, structure-based molecular engineering, pegylation of PAL, as well as in vitro and in vivo PKU mouse model studies on pegylated PAL formulations. Our results show that pegylation of R. toruloides PAL leads to promising therapeutic efficacy after subcutaneous injection by enhancing the in vivo activity, lowering plasma phenylalanine, and leading to reduced immunogenicity. The three-dimensional structure of PAL provides a basis for understanding the properties of pegylated forms of PAL and strategies for structure-based re-engineering of PAL for PKU treatment. Structure-based chemical modification strategy for enzyme replacement treatment of phenylketonuria.,Wang L, Gamez A, Sarkissian CN, Straub M, Patch MG, Han GW, Striepeke S, Fitzpatrick P, Scriver CR, Stevens RC Mol Genet Metab. 2005 Sep-Oct;86(1-2):134-40. Epub 2005 Jul 11. PMID:16006165 From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. See Also Aminomutase 3D structures

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