3tjq
N-domain of HtrA1
Structural highlights
DiseaseHTRA1_HUMAN Variations in the promoter region of HTRA1 are the cause of susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration type 7 (ARMD7) [MIM:610149. ARMD is the leading cause of vision loss and blindness among older individuals in the developed word. It is classified as either dry (nonneovascular) or wet (neovascular). ARMD7 is a wet form, in which new blood vessels form and break beneath the retina. This leakage causes permanent damage to surrounding retinal tissue, distorting and destroying central vision. Wet ARMD is more prevalent among Asians than Caucasians.[1] [2] Defects in HTRA1 are the cause of cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) [MIM:600142. CARASIL is characterized by nonhypertensive cerebral small-vessel arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts, alopecia, and spondylosis, with an onset in early adulthood. On neuropathological examination, atherosclerosis associated with intimal thickening and dense collagen fibers, loss of vascular smooth-muscle cells, and hyaline degeneration of the tunica media has been observed in cerebral small arteries.[3] FunctionHTRA1_HUMAN Serine protease with a variety of targets, including extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin. HTRA1-generated fibronectin fragments further induce synovial cells to up-regulate MMP1 and MMP3 production. May also degrade proteoglycans, such as aggrecan, decorin and fibromodulin. Through cleavage of proteoglycans, may release soluble FGF-glycosaminoglycan complexes that promote the range and intensity of FGF signals in the extracellular space. Regulates the availability of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) by cleaving IGF-binding proteins. Inhibits signaling mediated by TGF-beta family members. This activity requires the integrity of the catalytic site, although it is unclear whether TGF-beta proteins are themselves degraded. By acting on TGF-beta signaling, may regulate many physiological processes, including retinal angiogenesis and neuronal survival and maturation during development. Intracellularly, degrades TSC2, leading to the activation of TSC2 downstream targets.[4] [5] [6] Publication Abstract from PubMedThe homotrimeric human serine protease HtrA1 is homologous to bacterial HtrA proteases regarding the trypsin-like catalytic and PDZ domains but differs by the presence of an N-terminal domain with IGFBP and Kazal homology. The crystal structures and SAXS analysis presented herein reveal the rare tandem of IGFBP- and Kazal-like modules, a protease active site that adopts a competent conformation in the absence of substrate or inhibitor and a model for the intact protein in solution. Highly sensitive enzymatic assays and binding studies demonstrate that the N-terminal tandem has no apparent effect on protease activity, and in accordance with the structure-based predictions, neither the IGFBP- nor Kazal-like module retains the function of their prototype proteins. Our structures of the unliganded HtrA1 active site suggest two-state equilibrium and a "conformational selection" model, in which substrate binds to the active conformer. Structural and Functional Analysis of HtrA1 and Its Subdomains.,Eigenbrot C, Ultsch M, Lipari MT, Moran P, Lin SJ, Ganesan R, Quan C, Tom J, Sandoval W, van Lookeren Campagne M, Kirchhofer D Structure. 2012 Jun 6;20(6):1040-50. Epub 2012 May 10. PMID:22578544[7] From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. References
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