3zy1
Crystal structure of the human p63 tetramerization domain
Structural highlights
DiseaseP63_HUMAN Defects in TP63 are the cause of acro-dermato-ungual-lacrimal-tooth syndrome (ADULT syndrome) [MIM:103285; a form of ectodermal dysplasia. Ectodermal dysplasias (EDs) constitute a heterogeneous group of developmental disorders affecting tissues of ectodermal origin. EDs are characterized by abnormal development of two or more ectodermal structures such as hair, teeth, nails and sweat glands, with or without any additional clinical sign. Each combination of clinical features represents a different type of ectodermal dysplasia. ADULT syndrome involves ectrodactyly, syndactyly, finger- and toenail dysplasia, hypoplastic breasts and nipples, intensive freckling, lacrimal duct atresia, frontal alopecia, primary hypodontia, and loss of permanent teeth. ADULT differs significantly from EEC3 syndrome by the absence of facial clefting. Defects in TP63 are the cause of ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate (AEC) [MIM:106260. AEC is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by congenital ectodermal dysplasia with coarse, wiry, sparse hair, dystrophic nails, slight hypohidrosis, scalp infections, ankyloblepharon filiform adnatum, maxillary hypoplasia, hypodontia and cleft lip/palate.[1] Defects in TP63 are the cause of ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-cleft lip/palate syndrome type 3 (EEC3) [MIM:604292. EEC3 is an autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by ectrodactyly of hands and feet, ectodermal dysplasia and facial clefting.[2] [3] [4] [5] Defects in TP63 are the cause of split-hand/foot malformation type 4 (SHFM4) [MIM:605289. Split-hand/split-foot malformation is a limb malformation involving the central rays of the autopod and presenting with syndactyly, median clefts of the hands and feet, and aplasia and/or hypoplasia of the phalanges, metacarpals, and metatarsals. There is restricted overlap between the mutational spectra of EEC3 and SHFM4.[6] [7] Defects in TP63 are the cause of limb-mammary syndrome (LMS) [MIM:603543. LMS is characterized by ectrodactyly, cleft palate and mammary-gland abnormalities.[8] Note=Defects in TP63 are a cause of cervical, colon, head and neck, lung and ovarian cancers. Defects in TP63 are a cause of ectodermal dysplasia Rapp-Hodgkin type (EDRH) [MIM:129400; also called Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome or anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with cleft lip/palate. Ectodermal dysplasia defines a heterogeneous group of disorders due to abnormal development of two or more ectodermal structures. EDRH is characterized by the combination of anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, cleft lip, and cleft palate. The clinical syndrome is comprised of a characteristic facies (narrow nose and small mouth), wiry, slow-growing, and uncombable hair, sparse eyelashes and eyebrows, obstructed lacrimal puncta/epiphora, bilateral stenosis of external auditory canals, microsomia, hypodontia, cone-shaped incisors, enamel hypoplasia, dystrophic nails, and cleft lip/cleft palate.[9] [10] [11] [12] Defects in TP63 are the cause of non-syndromic orofacial cleft type 8 (OFC8) [MIM:129400. Non-syndromic orofacial cleft is a common birth defect consisting of cleft lips with or without cleft palate. Cleft lips are associated with cleft palate in two-third of cases. A cleft lip can occur on one or both sides and range in severity from a simple notch in the upper lip to a complete opening in the lip extending into the floor of the nostril and involving the upper gum. FunctionP63_HUMAN Acts as a sequence specific DNA binding transcriptional activator or repressor. The isoforms contain a varying set of transactivation and auto-regulating transactivation inhibiting domains thus showing an isoform specific activity. Isoform 2 activates RIPK4 transcription. May be required in conjunction with TP73/p73 for initiation of p53/TP53 dependent apoptosis in response to genotoxic insults and the presence of activated oncogenes. Involved in Notch signaling by probably inducing JAG1 and JAG2. Plays a role in the regulation of epithelial morphogenesis. The ratio of DeltaN-type and TA*-type isoforms may govern the maintenance of epithelial stem cell compartments and regulate the initiation of epithelial stratification from the undifferentiated embryonal ectoderm. Required for limb formation from the apical ectodermal ridge. Activates transcription of the p21 promoter.[13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] Publication Abstract from PubMedThe p53 family of transcription factors-comprising p53, p63 and p73-plays an important role in tumor prevention and development. Essential to their function is the formation of tetramers, allowing cooperative binding to their DNA response elements. We solved crystal structures of the human p63 tetramerization domain, showing that p63 forms a dimer of dimers with D(2) symmetry composed of highly intertwined monomers. The primary dimers are formed via an intramolecular beta-sheet and hydrophobic helix packing (H1), a hallmark of all p53 family members. Like p73, but unlike p53, p63 requires a second helix (H2) to stabilize the architecture of the tetramer. In order to investigate the impact of structural differences on tetramer stability, we measured the subunit exchange reaction of p53 family homotetramers by nanoflow electrospray mass spectrometry. There were differences in both the kinetics and the pattern of the exchange reaction, with the p53 and p63 tetramers exhibiting much faster exchange kinetics than p73. The structural similarity between p63 and p73 rationalizes previous observations that p63 and p73 form mixed tetramers, and the kinetic data reveal the dissociation of the p73 homotetramers as the rate-limiting step for heterotetramer formation. Differential stability of the tetramers may play an important role in the cross talk between different isoforms and regulation of p53, p63 and p73 function in the cell cycle. Structure and Kinetic Stability of the p63 Tetramerization Domain.,Natan E, Joerger AC J Mol Biol. 2011 Nov 12. PMID:22100306[20] From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. See AlsoReferences
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