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Human DNA polymerase eta-DNA ternary complex: misincorporation G opposite T after a G at the primer 3' end (GA/G)
Structural highlights
DiseasePOLH_HUMAN Defects in POLH are the cause of xeroderma pigmentosum variant type (XPV) [MIM:278750; also designated as XP-V. Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is an autosomal recessive disease due to deficient nucleotide excision repair. It is characterized by hypersensitivity of the skin to sunlight, followed by high incidence of skin cancer and frequent neurologic abnormalities. XPV shows normal nucleotide excision repair, but an exaggerated delay in recovery of replicative DNA synthesis. Most XPV patients do not develop clinical symptoms and skin neoplasias until a later age. Clinical manifestations are limited to photo-induced deterioration of the skin and eyes.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] FunctionPOLH_HUMAN DNA polymerase specifically involved in DNA repair. Plays an important role in translesion synthesis, where the normal high fidelity DNA polymerases cannot proceed and DNA synthesis stalls. Plays an important role in the repair of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers. Depending on the context, it inserts the correct base, but causes frequent base transitions and transversions. May play a role in hypermutation at immunoglobulin genes. Forms a Schiff base with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate at abasic sites, but does not have lyase activity. Targets POLI to replication foci.[6] [7] [8] [9] [10] Publication Abstract from PubMedSomatic hypermutation is programmed base substitutions in the variable regions of Ig genes for high-affinity antibody generation. Two motifs, RGYW and WA (R, purine; Y, pyrimidine; W, A or T), have been found to be somatic hypermutation hotspots. Overwhelming evidence suggests that DNA polymerase eta (Pol eta) is responsible for converting the WA motif to WG by misincorporating dGTP opposite the templating T. To elucidate the molecular mechanism, crystal structures and kinetics of human Pol eta substituting dGTP for dATP in four sequence contexts, TA, AA, GA, and CA, have been determined and compared. The T:dGTP wobble base pair is stabilized by Gln-38 and Arg-61, two uniquely conserved residues among Pol eta. Weak base paring of the W (T:A or A:T) at the primer end and their distinct interactions with Pol eta lead to misincorporation of G in the WA motif. Between two WA motifs, our kinetic and structural data indicate that A-to-G mutation occurs more readily in the TA context than AA. Finally, Pol eta can extend the T:G mispair efficiently to complete the mutagenesis. Mechanism of somatic hypermutation at the WA motif by human DNA polymerase eta.,Zhao Y, Gregory MT, Biertumpfel C, Hua YJ, Hanaoka F, Yang W Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 May 14;110(20):8146-51. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.1303126110. Epub 2013 Apr 29. PMID:23630267[11] From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. See AlsoReferences
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