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TGF-BETA RECEPTOR TYPE 1 KINASE DOMAIN (T204D) IN COMPLEX WITH STAUROSPORINE
Structural highlights
DiseaseTGFR1_HUMAN Defects in TGFBR1 are the cause of Loeys-Dietz syndrome type 1A (LDS1A) [MIM:609192; also known as Furlong syndrome or Loeys-Dietz aortic aneurysm syndrome (LDAS). LDS1 is an aortic aneurysm syndrome with widespread systemic involvement. The disorder is characterized by arterial tortuosity and aneurysms, craniosynostosis, hypertelorism, and bifid uvula or cleft palate. Other findings include exotropy, micrognathia and retrognathia, structural brain abnormalities, intellectual deficit, congenital heart disease, translucent skin, joint hyperlaxity and aneurysm with dissection throughout the arterial tree.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Defects in TGFBR1 are the cause of Loeys-Dietz syndrome type 2A (LDS2A) [MIM:608967. An aortic aneurysm syndrome with widespread systemic involvement. Physical findings include prominent joint laxity, easy bruising, wide and atrophic scars, velvety and translucent skin with easily visible veins, spontaneous rupture of the spleen or bowel, diffuse arterial aneurysms and dissections, and catastrophic complications of pregnancy, including rupture of the gravid uterus and the arteries, either during pregnancy or in the immediate postpartum period. LDS2 is characterized by the absence of craniofacial abnormalities with the exception of bifid uvula that can be present in some patients. Note=TGFBR1 mutation Gln-487 has been reported to be associated with thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissection (TAAD) (PubMed:16791849). This phenotype, also known as thoracic aortic aneurysms type 5 (AAT5), is distinguised from LDS2A by having aneurysms restricted to thoracic aorta. It is unclear, however, if this condition is fulfilled in individuals bearing Gln-487 mutation, that is why they are considered as LDS2A by the OMIM resource. Defects in TGFBR1 are the cause of multiple self-healing squamous epithelioma (MSSE) [MIM:132800. A disorder characterized by multiple skin tumors that undergo spontaneous regression. Tumors appear most often on sun-exposed regions, are locally invasive, and undergo spontaneous resolution over a period of months leaving pitted scars.[6] FunctionTGFR1_HUMAN Transmembrane serine/threonine kinase forming with the TGF-beta type II serine/threonine kinase receptor, TGFBR2, the non-promiscuous receptor for the TGF-beta cytokines TGFB1, TGFB2 and TGFB3. Transduces the TGFB1, TGFB2 and TGFB3 signal from the cell surface to the cytoplasm and is thus regulating a plethora of physiological and pathological processes including cell cycle arrest in epithelial and hematopoietic cells, control of mesenchymal cell proliferation and differentiation, wound healing, extracellular matrix production, immunosuppression and carcinogenesis. The formation of the receptor complex composed of 2 TGFBR1 and 2 TGFBR2 molecules symmetrically bound to the cytokine dimer results in the phosphorylation and the activation of TGFBR1 by the constitutively active TGFBR2. Activated TGFBR1 phosphorylates SMAD2 which dissociates from the receptor and interacts with SMAD4. The SMAD2-SMAD4 complex is subsequently translocated to the nucleus where it modulates the transcription of the TGF-beta-regulated genes. This constitutes the canonical SMAD-dependent TGF-beta signaling cascade. Also involved in non-canonical, SMAD-independent TGF-beta signaling pathways. For instance, TGFBR1 induces TRAF6 autoubiquitination which in turn results in MAP3K7 ubiquitination and activation to trigger apoptosis. Also regulates epithelial to mesenchymal transition through a SMAD-independent signaling pathway through PARD6A phosphorylation and activation.[7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] Publication Abstract from PubMedThe cytokine TGF-beta modulates a number of cellular activities and plays a critical role in development, hemostasis and physiology, as well as in diseases including cancer and fibrosis. TGF-beta signals through two transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptors: TGFbetaR1 and TGFbetaR2. Multiple structures of the TGFbetaR1 kinase domain are known, but the structure of TGFbetaR2 remains unreported. Wild-type TGFbetaR2 kinase domain was refractory to crystallization, leading to the design of two mutated constructs: firstly, a TGFbetaR1 chimeric protein with seven ATP-site residues mutated to their counterparts in TGFbetaR2, and secondly, a reduction of surface entropy through mutation of six charged residues on the surface of the TGFbetaR2 kinase domain to alanines. These yielded apo and inhibitor-bound crystals that diffracted to high resolution (<2 A). Comparison of these structures with those of TGFbetaR1 reveal shared ligand contacts as well as differences in the ATP-binding sites, suggesting strategies for the design of pan and selective TGFbetaR inhibitors. Crystal structures of apo and inhibitor-bound TGFbetaR2 kinase domain: insights into TGFbetaR isoform selectivity.,Tebben AJ, Ruzanov M, Gao M, Xie D, Kiefer SE, Yan C, Newitt JA, Zhang L, Kim K, Lu H, Kopcho LM, Sheriff S Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol. 2016 May;72(Pt 5):658-74. doi:, 10.1107/S2059798316003624. Epub 2016 Apr 26. PMID:27139629[14] From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. See AlsoReferences
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