6h0u
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3) complex with a covalent [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazine inhibitor
Structural highlights
FunctionGSK3B_HUMAN Constitutively active protein kinase that acts as a negative regulator in the hormonal control of glucose homeostasis, Wnt signaling and regulation of transcription factors and microtubules, by phosphorylating and inactivating glycogen synthase (GYS1 or GYS2), EIF2B, CTNNB1/beta-catenin, APC, AXIN1, DPYSL2/CRMP2, JUN, NFATC1/NFATC, MAPT/TAU and MACF1. Requires primed phosphorylation of the majority of its substrates. In skeletal muscle, contributes to insulin regulation of glycogen synthesis by phosphorylating and inhibiting GYS1 activity and hence glycogen synthesis. May also mediate the development of insulin resistance by regulating activation of transcription factors. Regulates protein synthesis by controlling the activity of initiation factor 2B (EIF2BE/EIF2B5) in the same manner as glycogen synthase. In Wnt signaling, GSK3B forms a multimeric complex with APC, AXIN1 and CTNNB1/beta-catenin and phosphorylates the N-terminus of CTNNB1 leading to its degradation mediated by ubiquitin/proteasomes. Phosphorylates JUN at sites proximal to its DNA-binding domain, thereby reducing its affinity for DNA. Phosphorylates NFATC1/NFATC on conserved serine residues promoting NFATC1/NFATC nuclear export, shutting off NFATC1/NFATC gene regulation, and thereby opposing the action of calcineurin. Phosphorylates MAPT/TAU on 'Thr-548', decreasing significantly MAPT/TAU ability to bind and stabilize microtubules. MAPT/TAU is the principal component of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer disease. Plays an important role in ERBB2-dependent stabilization of microtubules at the cell cortex. Phosphorylates MACF1, inhibiting its binding to microtubules which is critical for its role in bulge stem cell migration and skin wound repair. Probably regulates NF-kappa-B (NFKB1) at the transcriptional level and is required for the NF-kappa-B-mediated anti-apoptotic response to TNF-alpha (TNF/TNFA). Negatively regulates replication in pancreatic beta-cells, resulting in apoptosis, loss of beta-cells and diabetes. Phosphorylates MUC1 in breast cancer cells, decreasing the interaction of MUC1 with CTNNB1/beta-catenin. Is necessary for the establishment of neuronal polarity and axon outgrowth. Phosphorylates MARK2, leading to inhibit its activity. Phosphorylates SIK1 at 'Thr-182', leading to sustain its activity. Phosphorylates ZC3HAV1 which enhances its antiviral activity. Phosphorylates SFPQ at 'Thr-687' upon T-cell activation.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] Publication Abstract from PubMedGlycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3beta) and casein kinase 1delta (CK-1delta) are emerging targets for the treatment of neuroinflammatory disorders, including Parkinson's disease. An inhibitor able to target these two kinases was developed by docking-based design. Compound 12, 3-(7-amino-5-(cyclohexylamino)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-2-cyano acrylamide, showed combined inhibitory activity against GSK-3beta and CK-1delta [IC50 (GSK-3beta)=0.17 mum; IC50 (CK-1delta)=0.68 mum]. In particular, classical ATP competition was observed against CK-1delta, and a co-crystal of compound 12 inside GSK-3beta confirmed a covalent interaction between the cyanoacrylamide warhead and Cys199, which could help in the development of more potent covalent inhibitors of GSK-3beta. Preliminary studies on in vitro models of Parkinson's disease revealed that compound 12 is not cytotoxic and shows neuroprotective activity. These results encourage further investigations to validate GSK-3beta/CK-1delta inhibition as a possible new strategy to treat neuroinflammatory/degenerative diseases. A Triazolotriazine-Based Dual GSK-3beta/CK-1delta Ligand as a Potential Neuroprotective Agent Presenting Two Different Mechanisms of Enzymatic Inhibition.,Redenti S, Marcovich I, De Vita T, Perez C, De Zorzi R, Demitri N, Perez DI, Bottegoni G, Bisignano P, Bissaro M, Moro S, Martinez A, Storici P, Spalluto G, Cavalli A, Federico S ChemMedChem. 2019 Feb 5;14(3):310-314. doi: 10.1002/cmdc.201800778. Epub 2019 Jan, 15. PMID:30548443[13] From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. See AlsoReferences
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