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X-ray structure of human PPAR delta ligand binding domain-pemafibrate co-crystals obtained by co-crystallization
Structural highlights
FunctionPPARD_HUMAN Ligand-activated transcription factor. Receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Has a preference for poly-unsaturated fatty acids, such as gamma-linoleic acid and eicosapentanoic acid. Once activated by a ligand, the receptor binds to promoter elements of target genes. Regulates the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Functions as transcription activator for the acyl-CoA oxidase gene. Decreases expression of NPC1L1 once activated by a ligand.[1] [2] Publication Abstract from PubMedAmong the agonists against three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) subtypes, those against PPARalpha (fibrates) and PPARgamma (glitazones) are currently used to treat dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes, respectively, whereas PPARdelta agonists are expected to be the next-generation metabolic disease drug. In addition, some dual/pan PPAR agonists are currently being investigated via clinical trials as one of the first curative drugs against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Because PPARalpha/delta/gamma share considerable amino acid identity and three-dimensional structures, especially in ligand-binding domains (LBDs), clinically approved fibrates, such as bezafibrate, fenofibric acid, and pemafibrate, could also act on PPARdelta/gamma when used as anti-NAFLD drugs. Therefore, this study examined their PPARalpha/delta/gamma selectivity using three independent assays-a dual luciferase-based GAL4 transactivation assay for COS-7 cells, time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based coactivator recruitment assay, and circular dichroism spectroscopy-based thermostability assay. Although the efficacy and efficiency highly varied between agonists, assay types, and PPAR subtypes, the three fibrates, except fenofibric acid that did not affect PPARdelta-mediated transactivation and coactivator recruitment, activated all PPAR subtypes in those assays. Furthermore, we aimed to obtain cocrystal structures of PPARdelta/gamma-LBD and the three fibrates via X-ray diffraction and versatile crystallization methods, which we recently used to obtain 34 structures of PPARalpha-LBD cocrystallized with 17 ligands, including the fibrates. We herein reveal five novel high-resolution structures of PPARdelta/gamma-bezafibrate, PPARgamma-fenofibric acid, and PPARdelta/gamma-pemafibrate, thereby providing the molecular basis for their application beyond dyslipidemia treatment. Functional and Structural Insights into Human PPARalpha/delta/gamma Subtype Selectivity of Bezafibrate, Fenofibric Acid, and Pemafibrate.,Honda A, Kamata S, Akahane M, Machida Y, Uchii K, Shiiyama Y, Habu Y, Miyawaki S, Kaneko C, Oyama T, Ishii I Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Apr 25;23(9). pii: ijms23094726. doi: 10.3390/ijms23094726. PMID:35563117[3] From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. See AlsoReferences
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