8ukr
RNA polymerase II elongation complex with Fapy-dG lesion soaking with ATP before chemistry
Structural highlights
FunctionRPB1_YEAST DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Largest and catalytic component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Forms the polymerase active center together with the second largest subunit. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. During a transcription cycle, Pol II, general transcription factors and the Mediator complex assemble as the preinitiation complex (PIC) at the promoter. 11-15 base pairs of DNA surrounding the transcription start site are melted and the single stranded DNA template strand of the promoter is positioned deeply within the central active site cleft of Pol II to form the open complex. After synthesis of about 30 bases of RNA, Pol II releases its contacts with the core promoter and the rest of the transcription machinery (promoter clearance) and enters the stage of transcription elongation in which it moves on the template as the transcript elongates. Pol II appears to oscillate between inactive and active conformations at each step of nucleotide addition. Elongation is influenced by the phosphorylation status of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Pol II largest subunit (RPB1), which serves as a platform for assembly of factors that regulate transcription initiation, elongation, termination and mRNA processing. Pol II is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. The core element with the central large cleft comprises RPB3, RBP10, RPB11, RPB12 and regions of RPB1 and RPB2 forming the active center. The clamp element (portions of RPB1, RPB2 and RPB3) is connected to the core through a set of flexible switches and moves to open and close the cleft. A bridging helix emanates from RPB1 and crosses the cleft near the catalytic site and is thought to promote translocation of Pol II by acting as a ratchet that moves the RNA-DNA hybrid through the active site by switching from straight to bent conformations at each step of nucleotide addition. In elongating Pol II, the lid loop (RPB1) appears to act as a wedge to drive apart the DNA and RNA strands at the upstream end of the transcription bubble and guide the RNA strand toward the RNA exit groove located near the base of the largely unstructured CTD domain of RPB1. The rudder loop (RPB1) interacts with single stranded DNA after separation from the RNA strand, likely preventing reassociation with the exiting RNA. The cleft is surrounded by jaws: an upper jaw formed by portions of RBP1, RPB2 and RPB9, and a lower jaw, formed by RPB5 and portions of RBP1. The jaws are thought to grab the incoming DNA template, mainly by RPB5 direct contacts to DNA. Publication Abstract from PubMedOxidative DNA lesions cause significant detrimental effects on a living species. Two major DNA lesions resulting from dG oxidation, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OxodGuo) and formamidopyrimidine (Fapy.dG), are produced from a common chemical intermediate. Fapy.dG is formed in comparable yields under oxygen-deficient conditions. Replicative bypass of Fapy.dG in human cells is more mutagenic than that of 8-OxodGuo. Despite the biological importance of transcriptional mutagenesis, there are no reports of the effects of Fapy.dG on RNA polymerase II (Pol II) activity. Here we perform comprehensive kinetic studies to investigate the impact of Fapy.dG on three key transcriptional fidelity checkpoint steps by Pol II: insertion, extension, and proofreading steps. The ratios of error-free versus error-prone incorporation opposite Fapy.dG are significantly reduced in comparison with undamaged dG. Similarly, Fapy.dG:A mispair is extended with comparable efficiency as that of the error-free, Fapy.dG:C base pair. The alpha- and beta-configurational isomers of Fapy.dG have distinct effects on Pol II insertion and extension. Pol II can preferentially cleave error-prone products by proofreading. To further understand the structural basis of transcription processing of Fapy.dG, five different structures were solved, including Fapy.dG template-loading state (apo), error-free cytidine triphosphate (CTP) binding state (prechemistry), error-prone ATP binding state (prechemistry), error-free Fapy.dG:C product state (postchemistry), and error-prone Fapy.dG:A product state (postchemistry), revealing distinctive nucleotide binding and product states. Taken together, our study provides a comprehensive mechanistic framework for better understanding how Fapy.dG lesions impact transcription and subsequent pathological consequences. Molecular Mechanism of RNA Polymerase II Transcriptional Mutagenesis by the Epimerizable DNA Lesion, Fapy.dG.,Gao S, Hou P, Oh J, Wang D, Greenberg MM J Am Chem Soc. 2024 Mar 6;146(9):6274-6282. doi: 10.1021/jacs.3c14476. Epub 2024 , Feb 23. PMID:38393762[1] From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. References
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