| Structural highlights
Function
CDR1_CANAL Pleiotropic ABC efflux transporter that confers resistance to numerous chemicals including anisomycin, cycloheximide, fluconazole, miconazole, ketoconazole, itriconazole, nystatin, terbinafine, amorolfine, brefeldin A, amphotericin B, fluphenazine, as well as estrogen. Plays a role in farnesol-induced apoptotic process through glutathione efflux activity. Mediates in-to-out translocation of membrane phospholipids including aminophospholipids and thus regulates asymmetric distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine. Exhibits nucleoside triphosphatase activity.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
In Candida albicans, Cdr1 pumps azole drugs out of the cells to reduce intracellular accumulation at detrimental concentrations, leading to azole-drug resistance. Milbemycin oxime, a veterinary anti-parasitic drug, strongly and specifically inhibits Cdr1. However, how Cdr1 recognizes and exports azole drugs, and how milbemycin oxime inhibits Cdr1 remain unclear. Here, we report three cryo-EM structures of Cdr1 in distinct states: the apo state (Cdr1(Apo)), fluconazole-bound state (Cdr1(Flu)), and milbemycin oxime-inhibited state (Cdr1(Mil)). Both the fluconazole substrate and the milbemycin oxime inhibitor are primarily recognized within the central cavity of Cdr1 through hydrophobic interactions. The fluconazole is suggested to be exported from the binding site into the environment through a lateral pathway driven by TM2, TM5, TM8 and TM11. Our findings uncover the inhibitory mechanism of milbemycin oxime, which inhibits Cdr1 through competition, hindering export, and obstructing substrate entry. These discoveries advance our understanding of Cdr1-mediated azole resistance in C. albicans and provide the foundation for the development of innovative antifungal drugs targeting Cdr1 to combat azole-drug resistance.
Cryo-EM structures of Candida albicans Cdr1 reveal azole-substrate recognition and inhibitor blocking mechanisms.,Peng Y, Lu Y, Sun H, Ma J, Li X, Han X, Fang Z, Tan J, Qiu Y, Qu T, Yin M, Yan Z Nat Commun. 2024 Sep 6;15(1):7722. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-52107-w. PMID:39242571[33]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
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- ↑ Saini P, Gaur NA, Prasad R. Chimeras of the ABC drug transporter Cdr1p reveal functional indispensability of transmembrane domains and nucleotide-binding domains, but transmembrane segment 12 is replaceable with the corresponding homologous region of the non-drug transporter Cdr3p. Microbiology (Reading). 2006 May;152(Pt 5):1559-1573. PMID:16622073 doi:10.1099/mic.0.28471-0
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- ↑ Pasrija R, Panwar SL, Prasad R. Multidrug transporters CaCdr1p and CaMdr1p of Candida albicans display different lipid specificities: both ergosterol and sphingolipids are essential for targeting of CaCdr1p to membrane rafts. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Feb;52(2):694-704. PMID:18056285 doi:10.1128/AAC.00861-07
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- ↑ Holmes AR, Lin YH, Niimi K, Lamping E, Keniya M, Niimi M, Tanabe K, Monk BC, Cannon RD. ABC transporter Cdr1p contributes more than Cdr2p does to fluconazole efflux in fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Nov;52(11):3851-62. PMID:18710914 doi:10.1128/AAC.00463-08
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- ↑ Puri N, Gaur M, Sharma M, Shukla S, Ambudkar SV, Prasad R. The amino acid residues of transmembrane helix 5 of multidrug resistance protein CaCdr1p of Candida albicans are involved in substrate specificity and drug transport. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Sep;1788(9):1752-61. PMID:19393219 doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.04.009
- ↑ Sun LM, Cheng AX, Wu XZ, Zhang HJ, Lou HX. Synergistic mechanisms of retigeric acid B and azoles against Candida albicans. J Appl Microbiol. 2010 Jan;108(1):341-8. PMID:20002912 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04429.x
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- ↑ Zhu J, Krom BP, Sanglard D, Intapa C, Dawson CC, Peters BM, Shirtliff ME, Jabra-Rizk MA. Farnesol-induced apoptosis in Candida albicans is mediated by Cdr1-p extrusion and depletion of intracellular glutathione. PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e28830. PMID:22205973 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028830
- ↑ Rawal MK, Khan MF, Kapoor K, Goyal N, Sen S, Saxena AK, Lynn AM, Tyndall JD, Monk BC, Cannon RD, Komath SS, Prasad R. Insight into pleiotropic drug resistance ATP-binding cassette pump drug transport through mutagenesis of Cdr1p transmembrane domains. J Biol Chem. 2013 Aug 23;288(34):24480-93. PMID:23824183 doi:10.1074/jbc.M113.488353
- ↑ Thomas E, Roman E, Claypool S, Manzoor N, Pla J, Panwar SL. Mitochondria influence CDR1 efflux pump activity, Hog1-mediated oxidative stress pathway, iron homeostasis, and ergosterol levels in Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Nov;57(11):5580-99. PMID:23979757 doi:10.1128/AAC.00889-13
- ↑ Sanglard D, Ischer F, Monod M, Bille J. Susceptibilities of Candida albicans multidrug transporter mutants to various antifungal agents and other metabolic inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996 Oct;40(10):2300-5. PMID:8891134 doi:10.1128/AAC.40.10.2300
- ↑ Albertson GD, Niimi M, Cannon RD, Jenkinson HF. Multiple efflux mechanisms are involved in Candida albicans fluconazole resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996 Dec;40(12):2835-41. PMID:9124851 doi:10.1128/AAC.40.12.2835
- ↑ Krishnamurthy S, Gupta V, Snehlata P, Prasad R. Characterisation of human steroid hormone transport mediated by Cdr1p, a multidrug transporter of Candida albicans, belonging to the ATP binding cassette super family. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1998 Jan 1;158(1):69-74. PMID:9453158 doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb12802.x
- ↑ Krishnamurthy S, Chatterjee U, Gupta V, Prasad R, Das P, Snehlata P, Hasnain SE, Prasad R. Deletion of transmembrane domain 12 of CDR1, a multidrug transporter from Candida albicans, leads to altered drug specificity: expression of a yeast multidrug transporter in baculovirus expression system. Yeast. 1998 Apr 30;14(6):535-50. PMID:9605504 doi:<535::AID-YEA254>3.0.CO;2-5 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0061(19980430)14:6<535::AID-YEA254>3.0.CO;2-5
- ↑ Peng Y, Lu Y, Sun H, Ma J, Li X, Han X, Fang Z, Tan J, Qiu Y, Qu T, Yin M, Yan Z. Cryo-EM structures of Candida albicans Cdr1 reveal azole-substrate recognition and inhibitor blocking mechanisms. Nat Commun. 2024 Sep 6;15(1):7722. PMID:39242571 doi:10.1038/s41467-024-52107-w
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