9rbr
Semliki Forest virus trimer 2 in complex with ApoER2 LA5
Structural highlights
FunctionPOLSF_SFV Forms an icosahedral capsid with a T=4 symmetry composed of 240 copies of the capsid protein surrounded by a lipid membrane through which penetrate 80 spikes composed of trimers of E1-E2 heterodimers (By similarity). The capsid protein binds to the viral RNA genome at a site adjacent to a ribosome binding site for viral genome translation following genome release (By similarity). Possesses a protease activity that results in its autocatalytic cleavage from the nascent structural protein (By similarity). Following its self-cleavage, the capsid protein transiently associates with ribosomes, and within several minutes the protein binds to viral RNA and rapidly assembles into icosahedric core particles (By similarity). The resulting nucleocapsid eventually associates with the cytoplasmic domain of the spike glycoprotein E2 at the cell membrane, leading to budding and formation of mature virions (By similarity). In case of infection, new virions attach to target cells and after clathrin-mediated endocytosis their membrane fuses with the host endosomal membrane (By similarity). This leads to the release of the nucleocapsid into the cytoplasm, followed by an uncoating event necessary for the genomic RNA to become accessible (By similarity). The uncoating might be triggered by the interaction of capsid proteins with ribosomes (By similarity). Binding of ribosomes would release the genomic RNA since the same region is genomic RNA-binding and ribosome-binding (By similarity). Specifically inhibits interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1/IRAK1-dependent signaling during viral entry, representing a means by which the alphaviruses may evade innate immune detection and activation prior to viral gene expression (By similarity).[UniProtKB:P03315][UniProtKB:P03316][UniProtKB:P27284] Provides the signal sequence for p62 (E3/E2) translocation to the host endoplasmic reticulum. Mediates pH protection of E1 during secretory pathway trans- port.[1] Plays a role in viral attachment to target host cell, by binding to the cell receptor. Synthesized as a p62 precursor which is processed by furin at the cell membrane just before virion budding, giving rise to E2-E1 heterodimer. The p62-E1 heterodimer is stable, whereas E2-E1 is unstable and dissociate at low pH. p62 is processed at the last step, presumably to avoid E1 fusion activation before its final export to cell surface. E2 C-terminus contains a transitory transmembrane that would be disrupted by palmitoylation, resulting in reorientation of the C-terminal tail from lumenal to cytoplasmic side. This step is critical since E2 C-terminus is involved in budding by interacting with capsid proteins. This release of E2 C-terminus in cytoplasm occurs lately in protein export, and precludes premature assembly of particles at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.[2] Virion component that may play a role during viral assembly.[3] Publication Abstract from PubMedThe very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) serve as entry receptors for the Semliki Forest virus (SFV). VLDLR interacts with the SFV E1 domain III (DIII) through multiple LDLR class A (LA) domains. However, the ApoER2-mediated SFV entry mechanism remains unclear. Here, we perform biochemical and cellular results and determine the cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of SFV complexed with ApoER2 LA5 and full-length ApoER2, demonstrating that among the seven LA domains of ApoER2 isoform 1, only LA5 specifically binds to the SFV E1-DIII via a limited interface (353 A(2)) and facilitates cell attachment and entry. Site-directed mutagenesis confirms the significance of the residues at the SFV-ApoER2 interface. Significantly, a soluble LA5 decoy receptor neutralizes SFV infection and protects mice from lethal SFV challenge. These findings reveal a LA5-dependent receptor engagement mechanism for SFV entry via ApoER2, distinct from VLDLR. Molecular basis of ApoER2-mediated Semliki Forest virus entry.,Du B, Song X, Zhao B, Shi Z, Liu Z, Wang S, Wei L, He X, Huiskonen JT, Yang D, Wang J Nat Commun. 2025 Dec 19. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-67550-6. PMID:41419770[4] From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. References
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