| Structural highlights
Function
HIF1N_HUMAN Hydroxylates HIF-1 alpha at 'Asp-803' in the C-terminal transactivation domain (CAD). Functions as an oxygen sensor and, under normoxic conditions, the hydroxylation prevents interaction of HIF-1 with transcriptional coactivators including Cbp/p300-interacting transactivator. Involved in transcriptional repression through interaction with HIF1A, VHL and histone deacetylases. Hydroxylates specific Asn residues within ankyrin repeat domains (ARD) of NFKB1, NFKBIA, NOTCH1, ASB4, PPP1R12A and several other ARD-containing proteins. Also hydroxylates Asp and His residues within ARDs of ANK1 and TNKS2, respectively. Negatively regulates NOTCH1 activity, accelerating myogenic differentiation. Positively regulates ASB4 activity, promoting vascular differentiation.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Factor inhibiting HIF-1alpha (FIH) is a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenase that controls hypoxia signaling and metabolic homeostasis by hydroxylating HIF-1alpha. Although selective pharmacological inhibition of FIH represents an emerging therapeutic strategy for metabolic disorders, structurally diverse natural inhibitors remain largely unexplored. Here, we identified five natural FIH inhibitors spanning distinct phytochemical classes, including three flavonoids (wogonin, luteolin, morin), a coumarin (isofraxidin), and an anthraquinone (rhein). Co-crystal structures revealed that structurally diverse natural products converge on a common bidentate metal-chelation geometry within the FIH active site despite substantial differences in scaffold architecture. Among these inhibitors, wogonin most closely mimicked the orientation of the HIF-1alpha Asn803 side chain within the substrate-binding cleft, resulting in inhibitory potency comparable to that of the 2-oxoglutarate analog N-oxalylglycine. These findings establish the first structural framework for natural-product-based FIH inhibition and demonstrate that structurally distinct natural inhibitors adopt a conserved metal-chelation geometry within the FIH active site. This framework provides a basis for the future development of metabolically oriented FIH inhibitors.
Structural Insights into Metal-Chelating Natural Inhibitors of Factor Inhibiting HIF-1alpha.,Akhsanitaqwim Y, Nakashima Y, Ikumi N, Morita H J Nat Prod. 2026 Jul 15. doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6c00734. PMID:42455177[9]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
- ↑ Lando D, Peet DJ, Gorman JJ, Whelan DA, Whitelaw ML, Bruick RK. FIH-1 is an asparaginyl hydroxylase enzyme that regulates the transcriptional activity of hypoxia-inducible factor. Genes Dev. 2002 Jun 15;16(12):1466-71. PMID:12080085 doi:10.1101/gad.991402
- ↑ Hewitson KS, McNeill LA, Riordan MV, Tian YM, Bullock AN, Welford RW, Elkins JM, Oldham NJ, Bhattacharya S, Gleadle JM, Ratcliffe PJ, Pugh CW, Schofield CJ. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) asparagine hydroxylase is identical to factor inhibiting HIF (FIH) and is related to the cupin structural family. J Biol Chem. 2002 Jul 19;277(29):26351-5. Epub 2002 May 31. PMID:12042299 doi:10.1074/jbc.C200273200
- ↑ Cockman ME, Lancaster DE, Stolze IP, Hewitson KS, McDonough MA, Coleman ML, Coles CH, Yu X, Hay RT, Ley SC, Pugh CW, Oldham NJ, Masson N, Schofield CJ, Ratcliffe PJ. Posttranslational hydroxylation of ankyrin repeats in IkappaB proteins by the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) asparaginyl hydroxylase, factor inhibiting HIF (FIH). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Oct 3;103(40):14767-72. Epub 2006 Sep 26. PMID:17003112
- ↑ Zheng X, Linke S, Dias JM, Zheng X, Gradin K, Wallis TP, Hamilton BR, Gustafsson M, Ruas JL, Wilkins S, Bilton RL, Brismar K, Whitelaw ML, Pereira T, Gorman JJ, Ericson J, Peet DJ, Lendahl U, Poellinger L. Interaction with factor inhibiting HIF-1 defines an additional mode of cross-coupling between the Notch and hypoxia signaling pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Mar 4;105(9):3368-73. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.0711591105. Epub 2008 Feb 25. PMID:18299578 doi:10.1073/pnas.0711591105
- ↑ Webb JD, Muranyi A, Pugh CW, Ratcliffe PJ, Coleman ML. MYPT1, the targeting subunit of smooth-muscle myosin phosphatase, is a substrate for the asparaginyl hydroxylase factor inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor (FIH). Biochem J. 2009 May 13;420(2):327-33. doi: 10.1042/BJ20081905. PMID:19245366 doi:10.1042/BJ20081905
- ↑ Coleman ML, McDonough MA, Hewitson KS, Coles C, Mecinovic J, Edelmann M, Cook KM, Cockman ME, Lancaster DE, Kessler BM, Oldham NJ, Ratcliffe PJ, Schofield CJ. Asparaginyl hydroxylation of the Notch ankyrin repeat domain by factor inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor. J Biol Chem. 2007 Aug 17;282(33):24027-38. Epub 2007 Jun 15. PMID:17573339 doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M704102200
- ↑ Yang M, Chowdhury R, Ge W, Hamed RB, McDonough MA, Claridge TD, Kessler BM, Cockman ME, Ratcliffe PJ, Schofield CJ. Factor-Inhibiting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (FIH) Catalyses the Posttranslational Hydroxylation of Histidinyl Residues within Ankyrin Repeat Domains. FEBS J. 2011 Jan 20. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08022.x. PMID:21251231 doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08022.x
- ↑ Yang M, Ge W, Chowdhury R, Claridge TD, Kramer HB, Schmierer B, McDonough MA, Gong L, Kessler BM, Ratcliffe PJ, Coleman ML, Schofield CJ. Asparagine and aspartate hydroxylation of the cytoskeletal ankyrin family is catalyzed by factor-inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor. J Biol Chem. 2011 Mar 4;286(9):7648-60. Epub 2010 Dec 22. PMID:21177872 doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.193540
- ↑ Akhsanitaqwim Y, Nakashima Y, Ikumi N, Morita H. Structural Insights into Metal-Chelating Natural Inhibitors of Factor Inhibiting HIF-1α. Journal of natural products. 2026 Jul 15. doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6c00734. PMID: 42455177.
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